modulator oversampling at 16 X is implemented in a 0.72 "m complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor process for use in the baseband path of a radio-frequency receiver. The modulator achieves 77 dB of dynamic range and dissipates 81 mW from a 3.3 V supply. It is characterized for the blocking and intermodulation requirements of a cordless telephone application. Index Terms—Analog–digital conversion, radio receivers, sampled-data circuits, sigma–delta modulation, switched-capacitor circuits. I.