Results 1 -
8 of
8
Event-based prospective memory and executive control of working memory
- Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition
, 1998
"... In 5 experiments, the character of concurrent cognitive processing was manipulated during an event-based prospective memory task. High- and low-load conditions that differed only in the difficulty of the concurrent task were tested in each experiment. In Experiments 1 and 2, attention-demanding task ..."
Abstract
-
Cited by 64 (15 self)
- Add to MetaCart
(Show Context)
In 5 experiments, the character of concurrent cognitive processing was manipulated during an event-based prospective memory task. High- and low-load conditions that differed only in the difficulty of the concurrent task were tested in each experiment. In Experiments 1 and 2, attention-demanding tasks from the literature on executive control produced decrements in prospective memory. In Experiment 3, attention was divided by different loads of articulatory suppression that did not ultimately lead to decrements in prospective memory. A high-load manipulation of a visuospatial task requiring performance monitoring resulted in worse prospective memory in Experiment 4, whereas in Experiment 5 a visuospatial task with little monitoring did not. Results are discussed in terms of executive functions, such as planning and monitoring, that appear to be critical to successful event-based prospective memory. Successfully completing an intended action in the future depends on a type of remembering that has been labeled prospective memory. Thus, successful prospective memory requires remembering to remember. As a cognitive con-struct, however, prospective memory is less monolithic than
Making sense of randomness: Implicit encoding as a basis for judgment
- Psychological Review
, 1997
"... People attempting to generate random sequences usually produce more alternations than expected by chance. They also judge overalternating sequences as maximally random. In this article, the authors review findings, implications, and explanatory mechanisms concerning subjective randomness. The author ..."
Abstract
-
Cited by 55 (1 self)
- Add to MetaCart
People attempting to generate random sequences usually produce more alternations than expected by chance. They also judge overalternating sequences as maximally random. In this article, the authors review findings, implications, and explanatory mechanisms concerning subjective randomness. The authors next present the general approach of the mathematical theory of complexity, which identifies the length of the shortest program for reproducing a sequence with its degree of randomness. They describe three experiments, based on mean group responses, indicating that the perceived randomness of a sequence is better predicted by various measures of its encoding difficulty than by its objective randomness. These results seem to imply that in accordance with the complexity view, judging the extent of a sequence's randomness is based on an attempt to mentally encode it. The experience of randomness may result when this attempt fails. Judging a situation as more or less random is often the key to important cognitions and behaviors. Perceiving a situation as nonchance calls for explanations, and it marks the onset of inductive inference (Lopes, 1982). Lawful environments encourage a coping orientation. One may try to control a situation
Software Assistants for Randomized Patrol Planning for the LAX Airport Police and the Federal Air Marshals Service
- INTERFACES
"... Security at major locations of economic or political importance is a key concern around the world, particularly given the increasing threat of terrorism. Limited security resources prevent full security coverage at all times, which allows adversaries to observe and exploit patterns in patrolling or ..."
Abstract
-
Cited by 38 (24 self)
- Add to MetaCart
Security at major locations of economic or political importance is a key concern around the world, particularly given the increasing threat of terrorism. Limited security resources prevent full security coverage at all times, which allows adversaries to observe and exploit patterns in patrolling or monitoring, e.g. they can plan an attack that avoids existing patrols. An important method of countering the surveillance capabilities of an adversary is to use randomized security policies that are more difficult to predict and exploit. We describe two deployed applications that assist security forces in randomizing their operations based on fast algorithms for solving large instances of Bayesian Stackelberg games. The first is the ARMOR system (Assistant for Randomized Monitoring over Routes), which has been successfully deployed since August 2007 at the Los Angeles International Airport (LAX). This system is used by airport police to randomize the placement of checkpoints on roads entering the airport, and the routes of canine unit patrols in the airport terminals. The IRIS system (Intelligent Randomization in Scheduling) is designed to randomize flight schedules for the Federal Air Marshals Service (FAMS). IRIS has been deployed in a pilot program by FAMS since October 2009 to randomize sched-ules of air marshals on international flights. These assistants share several key features: (i) they are based on Stackelberg game models to intelligently weight the randomized schedules, (ii) they use efficient mixed-integer programming formu-lations of the game models to enable fast solutions for large games, and (iii) they allow for interactive manipulation of the domain constraints and parameters by the users. This paper examines the design choices, information, and evaluation that went into building these effective applications.
Stochastic Resonance in Human Cognition: ACT-R Versus Game Theory, Associative Neural Networks, Recursive Neural Networks, Q-Learning, and Humans
"... We examined the effect of cognitive noise on human game playing abilities. Human subjects played a guessing game against an ACT-R model set at different noise levels. Counter to the normal effect for noise (i.e., to increase randomness) increasing noise over certain ranges increased the win rate in ..."
Abstract
-
Cited by 6 (4 self)
- Add to MetaCart
(Show Context)
We examined the effect of cognitive noise on human game playing abilities. Human subjects played a guessing game against an ACT-R model set at different noise levels. Counter to the normal effect for noise (i.e., to increase randomness) increasing noise over certain ranges increased the win rate in both the ACT-R model and in the humans. We then attempted to model the human results using ACT-R, Q-Learning, neural networks, and Simple Recursive Neural Networks. Overall, ACT-R produced the best match to the data. However, none of these models were able to reproduce a secondary counter intuitive human win rate effect. Noise, or randomness, plays an important role in cognitive modelling. In problem solving it is often necessary to add noise to a model to get it to explore possible solutions rather
Deployed security games for patrol planning
- IN HANDBOOK ON OPERATIONS RESEARCH FOR HOMELAND SECURITY
, 2012
"... Nations and organizations need to secure locations of economic, military, or political importance from groups or individuals that can cause harm. The fact that there are limited security resources prevents complete security coverage, which allows adversaries to observe and exploit patterns in patro ..."
Abstract
-
Cited by 2 (1 self)
- Add to MetaCart
Nations and organizations need to secure locations of economic, military, or political importance from groups or individuals that can cause harm. The fact that there are limited security resources prevents complete security coverage, which allows adversaries to observe and exploit patterns in patrolling or monitoring, and enables them to plan attacks that avoid existing patrols. The use of randomized security policies that are more difficult for adversaries to predict and exploit can counter their surveillance capabilities and improve security. In this chapter we describe the recent development of models to assist security forces in randomizing their patrols and their deployment in real applications. The systems deployed are based on fast algorithms for solving large instances of Bayesian Stackelberg games that capture the interaction between security forces and adversaries. Here we describe a generic mathematical formulation of these models, present some of the results that have allowed these systems to be deployed in practice, and outline remaining future challenges. We discuss the deployment of these systems in two real-world security applications: 1) The police at the Los Angeles International Airport uses these models to randomize the placement of checkpoints on roads entering the airport and the routes of canine unit patrols within the airport terminals. 2) The Federal Air Marshal Service uses these models to randomize the schedules of air marshals on international flights.
American Psychological Association, Inc, A Theory of Criterion Setting With an Application to Sequential Dependencies
"... Three models of sequential effects in psychophysical tasks are defined and experimental results described. These appear most consistent with a model in which the momentary value of the criterion is modified by memory traces, an independent trace being retained for each relevant past event. On this b ..."
Abstract
- Add to MetaCart
(Show Context)
Three models of sequential effects in psychophysical tasks are defined and experimental results described. These appear most consistent with a model in which the momentary value of the criterion is modified by memory traces, an independent trace being retained for each relevant past event. On this basis, a theory of criterion setting is developed: A long-term process determines an initial value for the criterion, and two short-term processes adjust the criterion (a) to match current changes in the expected probabilities of signals and (b) to maximize the information transmitted by the subject's responses. The theory is applied to results in the literature. Although signal detection theory (SDT; Green & Swets, 1966), which is now widely applied, includes the hypothesis of a decision criterion and puts forward normative prescriptions for its value, the problem of how a subject maintains his criterion at the appropriate value and adjusts that value to take account of relevant intercurrent events has largely been ignored. It is regrettable that criterion setting should generally be treated as a given but unexamined fact, because its proper understanding may clarify important psychological aspects of decision in all areas and may help to explain some still unresolved problems such as the causation of sequential effects. The object of the present article is to present a theory of criterion setting developed by the first author. As this theory arose from a consideration of some features of sequential dependencies, we begin with a brief discussion of the latter. It is a familiar but still unexplained observation that the outcomes of successive psychophysical decisions are related (Verplanck, This work was done while the authors were in receipt
Protean Primates: The Evolution of Adaptive Unpredictability in Competition and Courtship
"... Machiavellian intelligence evolves because it lets primates predict and manipulate each others ’ behavior. But game theory suggests that evolution will not stop there: predictive capacities tend to select for unpredictability in counter-strategies, just as many competitive games favor “mixed ” (stoc ..."
Abstract
- Add to MetaCart
(Show Context)
Machiavellian intelligence evolves because it lets primates predict and manipulate each others ’ behavior. But game theory suggests that evolution will not stop there: predictive capacities tend to select for unpredictability in counter-strategies, just as many competitive games favor “mixed ” (stochastic) strategies. For example, prey animals often evolve “protean ” (adaptively unpredictable) evasion behavior to foil the predictive pursuit tactics used by their predators. The same adaptive logic should apply to more abstract social tactics, but protean social behavior remains overlooked in primatology and psychology, because complex order rather than useful chaos has been considered the hallmark of evolved adaptations. This chapter re-views the notions of psychological--selection from evolutionary theory, mixed strategies from game theory, and protean behavior from behavioral ecology. It then presents six possible types of social proteanism in primates, and develops a model of how sexual selection through mate choice could have elaborated primate social proteanism into human creative intelligence. 1 Introduction: Unpredictability, animacy, and psychology
