In this paper we address the issue of compressing and indexing data. We devise a data structure whose space occupancy is a function of the entropy of the underlying data set. We call the data structure opportunistic since its space occupancy is decreased when the input is compressible and this space reduction is achieved at no significant slowdown in the query performance. More precisely, its space occupancy is optimal in an information-content sense because a text T [1, u] is stored using O(H k (T )) + o(1) bits per input symbol in the worst case, where H k (T ) is the kth order empirical entropy of T (the bound holds for any fixed k). Given an arbitrary string P [1; p], the opportunistic data structure allows to search for the occ occurrences of P in T in O(p + occ log u) time (for any fixed > 0). If data are uncompressible we achieve the best space bound currently known [12]; on compressible data our solution improves the succinct suffix array of [12] and the classical suffix tree and suffix array data structures either in space or in query time or both.

We propose a version of cache oblivious search trees which is simpler than the previous proposal of Bender, Demaine and Farach-Colton and has the same complexity bounds. In particular, our data structure avoids the use of weight balanced B-trees, and can be implemented as just a single array of data elements, without the use of pointers. The structure also improves space utilization.

We propose new succinct representations of ordinal trees, which have been studied extensively. It is known that any n-node static tree can be represented in 2n + o(n) bits and various operations on the tree can be supported in constant time under the word-RAM model. However the data structures are complicated and difficult to dynamize. We propose a simple and flexible data structure, called the range min-max tree, that reduces the large number of relevant tree operations considered in the literature, to a few primitives that are carried out in constant time on sufficiently small trees. The result is extended to trees of arbitrary size, achieving 2n + O(n/polylog(n)) bits of space. The redundancy is significantly lower than any previous proposal. For the dynamic case, where insertion/deletion of nodes is allowed, the existing data structures support very limited operations. Our data structure builds on the range min-max tree to achieve 2n + O(n / log n) bits of space and O(log n) time for all the operations. We also propose an improved data structure using 2n+O(n loglog n / logn) bits and improving the time to O(log n / loglog n) for most operations. 1

We propose new succinct representations of ordinal trees, which have been studied extensively. It is known that any n-node static tree can be represented in 2n + o(n) bits and a large number of operations on the tree can be supported in constant time under the word-RAM model. However existing data structures are not satisfactory in both theory and practice because (1) the lower-order term is Ω(nlog log n / log n), which cannot be neglected in practice, (2) the hidden constant is also large, (3) the data structures are complicated and difficult to implement, and (4) the techniques do not extend to dynamic trees supporting insertions and deletions of nodes. We propose a simple and flexible data structure, called the range min-max tree, that reduces the large number of relevant tree operations considered in the literature to a few primitives, which are carried out in constant time on sufficiently small trees. The result is then extended to trees of arbitrary size, achieving 2n + O(n/polylog(n)) bits of space. The redundancy is significantly lower than in any previous proposal, and the data structure is easily implemented. Furthermore, using the same framework, we derive the first fully-functional dynamic succinct trees. 1

For many geometric problems, there are ecient algorithms that surprisingly use very little extra space other than the given array holding the input. For many geometric query problems, there are ecient data structures that need no extra space at all other than an array holding a permutation of the input. In this paper, we obtain the rst such space-economical solutions for a number of fundamental problems, including three-dimensional convex hulls, two-dimensional Delaunay triangulations, xed-dimensional range queries, and xed-dimensional nearest neighbor queries.

We present a space-efficient algorithm for reporting all k intersections induced by a set of n line segments in the plane. Our algorithm is an in-place variant of Balaban’s algorithm and, in the worst case, runs in O(n log2 n+k) time using O(1) extra words of memory in addition to the space used for the input to the algorithm.

Abstract. We consider the issues of implicitness and cache-obliviousness in the classical dictionary problem for n distinct keys over an unbounded and ordered universe. One finding in this paper is that of closing the longstanding open problem about the existence of an optimal implicit dictionary over an unbounded universe. Another finding is motivated by the antithetic features of implicit and cache-oblivious models in data structures. We show how to blend their best qualities achieving O(log n) time and O(log B n) block transfers for searching and for amortized updating, while using just n memory cells like sorted arrays and heaps. As a result, we avoid space wasting and provide fast data access at any level of the memory hierarchy. 1

We examine the space requirement for the classic linesegment intersection problem. Using so-called implicit data structures, we show how to make the standard sweep-line algorithm run in O((n + k) log 2 n) time with only O(log 2 n) extra space, where n is the number of line segments and k is the number of intersections. If division is allowed and input can be destroyed, the algorithm can run in O((n + k) log n) time with O(1) extra space.

It is well known that n integers in the range [1, n c] can be sorted in O(n) time in the RAM model using radix sorting. More generally, integers in any range [1, U] can be sorted in O(n √ log log n) time [5]. However, these algorithms use O(n) words of extra memory. Is this necessary? We present a simple, stable, integer sorting algorithm for words of size O(log n), which works in O(n) time and uses only O(1) words of extra memory on a RAM model. This is the integer sorting case most useful in practice. We extend this result with same bounds to the case when the keys are read-only, which is of theoretical interest. Another interesting question is the case of arbitrary c. Here we present a black-box transformation from any RAM sorting algorithm to a sorting algorithm which uses only O(1) extra space and has the same running time. This settles the complexity of in-place sorting in terms of the complexity of sorting. 1

Abstract. We describe space-efficient algorithms for solving problems related to finding maxima among points in two and three dimensions. Our algorithms run in optimal O(n log n) time and occupy only constant extra space in addition to the space needed for representing the input. 1