Principle of parallel neuronal constellations..................................................................4 Principle of coherent functional group of neurons........................................................5 Population coding paradigm.........................................................................................5 Neuronal cortex as multidimensional coding “Fourier- windows “..............................6 The proposal of fractal mechanism in the cortex.........................................................7 Phase detection in the Fourier transformation...............................................................9 Is the cortex a hologram-like processor?....….............................................................10 Neuroanatomical advantages of the neuronal Fourier hologram.................................11 Basic cognitive advantage of the neuronal Fourier hologram.....................................12 Fourier hologram versus associative net neuronal models..........................................12

Development and early focal brain injury 2 Over the past ten years, we have made significant progress in addressing key questions concerning deficit and development after early stroke. We found evidence of subtle early impairment and subsequent development in each domain examined. However, the profiles of impairment and development differed across domains. Deficits of language acquisition are initially pervasive in that they are observed following injury to widely distributed brain areas. Spatial analytic deficits exhibit more specific patterns of brain-behavior association, similar to those observed among adults with injury to comparable brain regions. Had we been working in isolation, the separate investigators associated with this project may have reached very different conclusions about the nature of development following early injury. Instead, we were forced to look for ways to resolve the apparent disparity in our cross-domain findings. The model that best fits our data focuses on redefining the nature of early plasticity. Recent animal studies provide strong evidence that plasticity plays a central role in brain development. Brain organization is to a large extent

center at the University of California, San Diego that unites the efforts of fields such as Cognitive Science, Linguistics, Psychology, Computer Science, Sociology, and Philosophy, all who share an interest in language. We feature papers related to language and cognition (distributed via the World Wide Web) and welcome response from friends and colleagues at UCSD as well as other institutions. Please visit our web site at

The neural substrate for reading includes highly general subsystems, collectively the known as the “reading network. ” To the extent that these subsystems are universal, they must somehow support the reading of a wide range of languages with a diverse set of written forms and mapping principles. In this chapter, we explore the highly contrastive cases of English and Chinese to examine how the neural basis of reading accommodates variability in the structure of languages. The notion of accommodation, in fact, is central to our analysis. We conclude that the reading network must accommodate variation in writing systems by organizing in a way that reflects the properties of each particular writing system. However, we also suggest that the prior state of the network—the organization of the network when there is a previously learned language—influences how the network adapts to those properties specific to a second language. In particular, to some extent, the prior network may assimilate the second language, using its first-language procedures to the extent possible. In elaborating this conclusion, we first review the orthographic structure and phonological mapping principles of Chinese and English, with some attention to how these two writing systems are learned by native speakers. We follow with a review of the comparative (across writing system) neuroscience research, and explore what the differences in brain regions used for Chinese and English might tell us about how these writing systems are processed. Finally, we review recent research that asks how the brain accommodates learning to read a second writing system.

Global versus local processing: seeing the left side of the