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Cognitive control and lexical access in younger and older bilinguals
- Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition
"... Ninety-six participants, who were younger (20 years) or older (68 years) adults and either monolingual or bilingual, completed tasks assessing working memory, lexical retrieval, and executive control. Younger participants performed most of the tasks better than older participants, confirming the eff ..."
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Cited by 54 (4 self)
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Ninety-six participants, who were younger (20 years) or older (68 years) adults and either monolingual or bilingual, completed tasks assessing working memory, lexical retrieval, and executive control. Younger participants performed most of the tasks better than older participants, confirming the effect of aging on these processes. The effect of language group was different for each type of task: Monolinguals and bilinguals performed similarly on working memory tasks, monolinguals performed better on lexical retrieval tasks, and bilinguals performed better on executive control tasks, with some evidence for larger language group differences in older participants on the executive control tasks. These results replicate findings from individual studies obtained using only 1 type of task and different participants. The confirmation of this pattern in the same participants is discussed in terms of a suggested explanation of how the need to manage 2 language systems leads to these different outcomes for cognitive and linguistic functions.
What is a TOT? Cognate and translation effects on tip-of-the-tongue states in Spanish–English and Tagalog–English bilinguals
- Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition
, 2004
"... The authors induced tip-of-the-tongue states (TOTs) for English words in monolinguals and bilinguals using picture stimuli with cognate (e.g., vampire, which is vampiro in Spanish) and noncognate (e.g., funnel, which is embudo in Spanish) names. Bilinguals had more TOTs than did monolinguals unless ..."
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Cited by 26 (1 self)
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The authors induced tip-of-the-tongue states (TOTs) for English words in monolinguals and bilinguals using picture stimuli with cognate (e.g., vampire, which is vampiro in Spanish) and noncognate (e.g., funnel, which is embudo in Spanish) names. Bilinguals had more TOTs than did monolinguals unless the target pictures had translatable cognate names, and bilinguals had fewer TOTs for noncognates they were later able to translate. TOT rates for the same targets in monolinguals indicated that these effects could not be attributed to target difficulty. Two popular TOT accounts must be modified to explain cognate and translatability facilitation effects, and cross-language interference cannot explain bilinguals ’ increased TOTs rates. Instead the authors propose that, relative to monolinguals, bilinguals are less able to activate representations specific to each language. Tip-of-the-tongue states (TOTs) are word retrieval failures char-acterized by a feeling of imminent recall and by a greater than chance probability of accurately reporting partial information about the target word (e.g., the first phoneme). Monolinguals are estimated to experience TOTs on about a weekly basis in natural settings and on about 10%–20 % of attempts to retrieve low-frequency targets in laboratory settings (R. Brown & McNeill,
How do highly proficient bilinguals control their lexicalization process? Inhibitory and languagespecific selection mechanisms are both functional
- J. Exp. Psychol
, 2006
"... The authors report 4 experiments exploring the language-switching performance of highly proficient bilinguals in a picture-naming task. In Experiment 1, they tested the impact of language similarity and age of 2nd language acquisition on the language-switching performance of highly proficient biling ..."
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Cited by 26 (2 self)
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The authors report 4 experiments exploring the language-switching performance of highly proficient bilinguals in a picture-naming task. In Experiment 1, they tested the impact of language similarity and age of 2nd language acquisition on the language-switching performance of highly proficient bilinguals. Experiments 2, 3, and 4 assessed the performance of highly proficient bilinguals in language-switching contexts involving (a) the 2nd language (L2) and the L3 of the bilinguals, (b) the L3 and the L4, and (c) the L1 and a recently learned new language. Highly proficient bilinguals showed symmetrical switching costs regardless of the age at which the L2 was learned and of the similarities of the 2 languages and asymmetrical switching costs when 1 of the languages involved in the switching task was very weak (an L4 or a recently learned language). The theoretical implications of these results for the attentional mechanisms used by highly proficient bilinguals to control their lexicalization process are discussed.
Second language interferes with word production in fluent bilinguals: Brain potential and functional imaging evidence
- Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
, 2005
"... & Bilingual individuals need effective mechanisms to prevent interference between their languages. Using event-related brain potentials (ERPs) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we present evidence for interference of phonological information from the nontarget language in German– ..."
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Cited by 24 (3 self)
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& Bilingual individuals need effective mechanisms to prevent interference between their languages. Using event-related brain potentials (ERPs) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we present evidence for interference of phonological information from the nontarget language in German–Spanish bilinguals. A tacit picture-naming task was used in which bilinguals and monolinguals had to make speeded responses based on the first letter of the picture’s name in the target language. In one condition, subjects were required to respond when the name began with a vowel and to withhold a response if it started with a consonant. Stimuli had been selected such that in half of the trials, the names in both languages necessitated the same response, whereas in the other half, responses were different for the two languages. For the bilinguals, the language in which the stimuli had to be named was changed after each block. Bilinguals showed phonological interference compared with monolingual performance, which was evident in their performance, ERPs, and fMRI patterns. Nonlanguagespecific brain areas such as the left middle prefrontal cortex were found to be crucial for the control of interference. &
The dynamics of bilingual lexical access
- Bilingualism: Language and Cognition
, 2006
"... In this article we discuss different views about how information flows through the lexical system in bilingual speech production. In the first part, we focus on some of the experimental evidence often quoted in favor of the parallel activation of the bilinguals ’ two languages from the semantic syst ..."
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Cited by 14 (2 self)
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In this article we discuss different views about how information flows through the lexical system in bilingual speech production. In the first part, we focus on some of the experimental evidence often quoted in favor of the parallel activation of the bilinguals ’ two languages from the semantic system in the course of language production. We argue that such evidence does not require us to embrace the existence of parallel activation of the two languages of a bilingual. In the second part of the article, we discuss the possibility that the language-not-in-use (or the non-response language) is activated via feedback from the sublexical representations and we devise some experimental procedures to assess the validity of such an assumption. 1.
Response to Review by
- ISVR
, 2000
"... Adverse health effects of non-medical cannabis use ..."
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Orthographic processing of polysyllabic words by native and non-native English speakers
- Brain and Language
, 2002
"... How polysyllabic English words are analyzed in silent reading was examined in three exper-iments by comparing lexical decision responses to words physically split on the screen. The gap was compatible either with the Maximal Onset Principle or the Maximal Coda Principle. The former corresponds to th ..."
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Cited by 6 (1 self)
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How polysyllabic English words are analyzed in silent reading was examined in three exper-iments by comparing lexical decision responses to words physically split on the screen. The gap was compatible either with the Maximal Onset Principle or the Maximal Coda Principle. The former corresponds to the spoken syllable (e.g., ca det), except when the word has a stressed short first vowel (e.g., ra dish), while the reverse is true for the latter (giving cad et and rad ish). Native English speakers demonstrated a general preference for the Max Coda analysis and a correlation with reading ability when such an analysis did not correspond with the spoken syllable. Native Japanese speakers, on the other hand, showed a Max Onset prefer-ence regardless of the type of word, while native Mandarin Chinese speakers showed no prefer-ence at all. It is concluded that a maximization of the coda is the optimal representation of polysyllabic words in English and that poorer native readers are more influenced by phonology than are better readers. The way that nonnative readers mentally represent polysyllabic English words is affected by the way such words are structured in their native language, which may
Within- and between-language priming differ: Evidence from repetition of pictures in Spanish–English bilinguals
- Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition
, 2002
"... In the current study, the authors used an immediate repetition paradigm with pictures to observe whether repetition enhances word production in bilinguals. In Experiment 1, participants were asked to name pictures that were named previously in the same language (Spanish–Spanish or English–English) o ..."
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Cited by 6 (0 self)
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In the current study, the authors used an immediate repetition paradigm with pictures to observe whether repetition enhances word production in bilinguals. In Experiment 1, participants were asked to name pictures that were named previously in the same language (Spanish–Spanish or English–English) or in the opposite language (Spanish–English or English–Spanish). Results revealed a repetition effect both within languages and between languages. Furthermore, there was an asymmetry within language, with repetition priming being larger in Spanish than in English. Experiments 2 and 3 revealed that lag interacted with language for both within- and between-language priming. However, lag resulted in a decrease in the asymmetry for within- but not between-language priming. The results are consistent with the view that within- and between-language repetition priming are mediated by different mechanisms. One of the central questions in bilingual language processing centers on how information crosses from one language to the other. A number of paradigms have been used to address this issue. This includes translation (de Groot, Dannenburg, & Van Hell, 1994;
Language processing in bilingual speakers
- In
, 2006
"... We couldn’t agree where we wanted to go on vacation, y tuvimos una larga discusion [and we had a long argument] In the border community of El Paso, Texas, it is not at all uncommon to hear code-switched phrases like the one above. English and Spanish conversations are heard throughout all contexts o ..."
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Cited by 5 (0 self)
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We couldn’t agree where we wanted to go on vacation, y tuvimos una larga discusion [and we had a long argument] In the border community of El Paso, Texas, it is not at all uncommon to hear code-switched phrases like the one above. English and Spanish conversations are heard throughout all contexts of the community, whether it be on a university campus, a small café, bus, or in a formal business meeting. What an interesting feat it is then for the typ-ical, bilingual citizen of El Paso to comprehend the mixture of language that she may hear or read. How is it that bilinguals comprehend input from their two languages? At what point in comprehension is the language of the utterance identified? At what point, if at all, does a bilingual select one language over the other? These questions seem particularly salient when one considers that most of the world’s population is proficient in more than one language (Bhatia & Ritchie, 2004). However, it is important to point out that research on bilingualism is essential toward developing the-ories of language processing and cognition that extend beyond interests in bilingualism. For example, take the word “discusión ” in the phrase quoted above. Although this is a
