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185
The environment of childhood poverty
- American Psychologist
, 2004
"... Poor children confront widespread environmental inequi-ties. Compared with their economically advantaged coun-terparts, they are exposed to more family turmoil, violence, separation from their families, instability, and chaotic households. Poor children experience less social support, and their pare ..."
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Cited by 169 (4 self)
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Poor children confront widespread environmental inequi-ties. Compared with their economically advantaged coun-terparts, they are exposed to more family turmoil, violence, separation from their families, instability, and chaotic households. Poor children experience less social support, and their parents are less responsive and more authoritar-ian. Low-income children are read to relatively infre-quently, watch more TV, and have less access to books and computers. Low-income parents are less involved in their children’s school activities. The air and water poor chil-dren consume are more polluted. Their homes are more crowded, noisier, and of lower quality. Low-income neigh-borhoods are more dangerous, offer poorer municipal ser-vices, and suffer greater physical deterioration. Predomi-nantly low-income schools and day care are inferior. The accumulation of multiple environmental risks rather than singular risk exposure may be an especially pathogenic aspect of childhood poverty. R esearchers in public health, medicine, and morerecently, psychology have come to appreciate thevalue of studying poverty in its own right. Initially this meant descriptive analyses demonstrating physical and psychological sequelae of poverty or low socioeconomic
2003), “Understanding the Association Between Socioeconomic Status and Physical Health: Do Negative Emotions Play a Role
- Psychological Bulletin 129(1): 10-51 Glied, Sherry and Adriana Lleras-Muney (2003), “Health Inequality, Education and Medical Innovation,” NBER Working Paper #9738
"... In this article, the authors evaluate the possible roles of negative emotions and cognitions in the association between socioeconomic status (SES) and physical health, focusing on the outcomes of cardiovascular diseases and all-cause mortality. After reviewing the limited direct evidence, the author ..."
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Cited by 123 (7 self)
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In this article, the authors evaluate the possible roles of negative emotions and cognitions in the association between socioeconomic status (SES) and physical health, focusing on the outcomes of cardiovascular diseases and all-cause mortality. After reviewing the limited direct evidence, the authors examine indirect evidence showing that (a) SES relates to the targeted health outcomes, (b) SES relates to negative emotions and cognitions, and (c) negative emotions and cognitions relate to the targeted health outcomes. The authors present a general framework for understanding the roles of cognitive– emotional factors, suggesting that low-SES environments are stressful and reduce individuals ’ reserve capacity to manage stress, thereby increasing vulnerability to negative emotions and cognitions. The article concludes with suggestions for future research to better evaluate the proposed model. Health disparities associated with socioeconomic status (SES) have existed for centuries (G. D. Smith, Carroll, Rankin, & Rowan, 1992) and have been recognized by researchers for many decades (Chapin, 1924; Warren & Sydenstricker, 1916). Recent research within the United States and other industrialized countries demonstrates that SES is associated with diverse health outcomes (Adler, Marmot, McEwen, & Stewart, 1999), and some evidence suggests that SES inequalities in mortality may even be widening
Life course health development: an integrated framework for developing health, policy, and research
- Milbank Q
, 2002
"... Development (LCHD) framework, which was created to explain how health trajectories develop over an individual’s lifetime and how this knowledge can guide new approaches to policy and research. Using recent research from the fields of public health, medicine, human development, and social sciences, t ..."
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Cited by 78 (3 self)
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Development (LCHD) framework, which was created to explain how health trajectories develop over an individual’s lifetime and how this knowledge can guide new approaches to policy and research. Using recent research from the fields of public health, medicine, human development, and social sciences, the LCHD framework shows that • Health is a consequence of multiple determinants operating in nested genetic, biological, behavioral, social, and economic contexts that change as a person develops. • Health development is an adaptive process composed of multiple transactions between these contexts and the biobehavioral regulatory systems that define human functions. • Different health trajectories are the product of cumulative risk and protective factors and other influences that are programmed into biobehavioral regulatory systems during critical and sensitive periods. • The timing and sequence of biological, psychological, cultural, and historical events and experiences influence the health and development of both individuals and populations.
Health Psychology
, 1986
"... Part of the Psychology Commons This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Studies at ..."
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Cited by 46 (0 self)
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Part of the Psychology Commons This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Studies at
Children’s Exposure to Violence: A Comprehensive National Survey. Juvenile Justice Bulletin
, 2009
"... Children are exposed to violence every day in their homes, schools, and communities. They may be struck by a boyfriend, bullied by a classmate, or abused by an adult. They may witness an assault on a parent or a shooting on the street. Such exposure can cause significant physical, mental, and emotio ..."
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Cited by 40 (7 self)
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Children are exposed to violence every day in their homes, schools, and communities. They may be struck by a boyfriend, bullied by a classmate, or abused by an adult. They may witness an assault on a parent or a shooting on the street. Such exposure can cause significant physical, mental, and emotional harm with long-term effects that can last well into adulthood. In 1999, OJJDP created the Safe Start Initiative to prevent and reduce the impact of children’s exposure to violence through enhanced practice,
Understanding the links between social support and physical health: A life-span perspective with emphasis on the separability of perceived and received support
- Perspectives on Psychological Science
, 2009
"... ABSTRACT—Social support has been reliably related to physical health outcomes. However, the conceptual basis of such links needs greater development. In this article, I argue for a lifespan perspective on social support and health that takes into account distinct antecedent processes and mechanisms ..."
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ABSTRACT—Social support has been reliably related to physical health outcomes. However, the conceptual basis of such links needs greater development. In this article, I argue for a lifespan perspective on social support and health that takes into account distinct antecedent processes and mechanisms that are related to measures of support over time. Such a view highlights the need to distinguish measures of perceived and received support and its links to more specific diseases (e.g., chronic, acute) and stages of disease development (e.g., incidence). I discuss both the novel implications of these theoretical arguments for research on social support and physical health, as well as the potential intervention approaches that are apparent from this perspective.
Stress and disorders of the stress system
- Nat. Rev. Endocrinol. 2009
"... Abstract | All organisms must maintain a complex dynamic equilibrium, or homeostasis, which is constantly challenged by internal or external adverse forces termed stressors. stress occurs when homeostasis is threatened or perceived to be so; homeostasis is re-established by various physiological an ..."
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Cited by 28 (1 self)
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Abstract | All organisms must maintain a complex dynamic equilibrium, or homeostasis, which is constantly challenged by internal or external adverse forces termed stressors. stress occurs when homeostasis is threatened or perceived to be so; homeostasis is re-established by various physiological and behavioral adaptive responses. Neuroendocrine hormones have major roles in the regulation of both basal homeostasis and responses to threats, and are involved in the pathogenesis of diseases characterized by dyshomeostasis or cacostasis. The stress response is mediated by the stress system, partly located in the central nervous system and partly in peripheral organs. The central, greatly interconnected effectors of this system include the hypothalamic hormones arginine vasopressin, corticotropin-releasing hormone and pro-opiomelanocortinderived peptides, and the locus ceruleus and autonomic norepinephrine centers in the brainstem. Targets of these effectors include the executive and/or cognitive, reward and fear systems, the wake-sleep centers of the brain, the growth, reproductive and thyroid hormone axes, and the gastrointestinal, cardiorespiratory, metabolic, and immune systems. Optimal basal activity and responsiveness of the stress system is essential for a sense of well-being, successful performance of tasks, and appropriate social interactions. By contrast, excessive or inadequate basal activity and responsiveness of this system might impair development, growth and body composition, and lead to a host of behavioral and somatic pathological conditions.
Emotion regulation across the life span: An integrative perspective emphasizing self-regulation, positive affect, and dyadic processes. Motivation and Emotion
, 2003
"... In this commentary, we build upon the papers featured in this 2-part special issue to advance an integrative perspective on emotion regulation that emphasizes the developmentally specific goal-contexts of emotional phenomena. We highlight the importance of (1) multilevel longitudinal investigations ..."
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In this commentary, we build upon the papers featured in this 2-part special issue to advance an integrative perspective on emotion regulation that emphasizes the developmentally specific goal-contexts of emotional phenomena. We highlight the importance of (1) multilevel longitudinal investigations of interactions among biological, affective, cognitive, and behavioral processes with respect to emotion regulation; (2) the integration of emotion-regulation processes with self-regulatory processes across the life course; (3) the dynamic relationship between positive and negative affect and their respective influence on regulatory processes; and (4) greater consideration of the dyadic context of emotion-regulation processes. From this perspective, the optimal developmental outcome with respect to emotion regulation is not affective homeostasis, but rather a dynamic flexibility in emotional experience, the ability to pursue and prioritize different goals, and the capacity to selectively and proactively mobilize emotions and cognitions in the service of context-specific and developmentally specific goals. KEY WORDS: emotion regulation; self-regulation; positive affect; life-span development; multilevel
Early environment, emotions, responses to stress, and health
- Journal of Personality
, 2004
"... ABSTRACT A harsh early family environment is related to mental and physical health in adulthood. An important question is why family environment in childhood is associated with these outcomes so long after its initial occurrence. We describe a program of research that evaluates a model linking these ..."
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Cited by 15 (1 self)
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ABSTRACT A harsh early family environment is related to mental and physical health in adulthood. An important question is why family environment in childhood is associated with these outcomes so long after its initial occurrence. We describe a program of research that evaluates a model linking these variables to each other. Specifically, we hypothesize that low social competence and negative emotional states may mediate relations between a harsh early family environment and physiological/ neuroendocrine responses to stress, as well as long-term health outcomes. We report evidence that the model characterizes self-rated health, cortisol responses to stress, and, in males only, elevated cardiovascular responses
Parent and partner violence in families with young children: Rates, patterns, and connections
- Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
, 2005
"... In this study, the authors assessed men’s and women’s partner and parent physical aggression among 453 representatively sampled families with young children. The prevalences of partner aggression and of severe parent aggression were higher than previously reported. Substantial rates of co-occurrence ..."
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Cited by 14 (0 self)
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In this study, the authors assessed men’s and women’s partner and parent physical aggression among 453 representatively sampled families with young children. The prevalences of partner aggression and of severe parent aggression were higher than previously reported. Substantial rates of co-occurrence were found. Risk ratios and regression analyses indicated that connections between (a) husbands ’ and wives’ partner aggression and (b) mothers ’ and fathers ’ parent aggression were especially strong. Patterns of co-occurrence pointed to the probable relative importance of family-level, in comparison with individual, predictors of aggression. Patterns of co-occurring violence are described in light of the theoretical literature. Implications for studying family violence in community samples are discussed.
