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Social Signal Processing: Survey of an Emerging Domain
, 2008
"... The ability to understand and manage social signals of a person we are communicating with is the core of social intelligence. Social intelligence is a facet of human intelligence that has been argued to be indispensable and perhaps the most important for success in life. This paper argues that next- ..."
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Cited by 153 (32 self)
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The ability to understand and manage social signals of a person we are communicating with is the core of social intelligence. Social intelligence is a facet of human intelligence that has been argued to be indispensable and perhaps the most important for success in life. This paper argues that next-generation computing needs to include the essence of social intelligence – the ability to recognize human social signals and social behaviours like turn taking, politeness, and disagreement – in order to become more effective and more efficient. Although each one of us understands the importance of social signals in everyday life situations, and in spite of recent advances in machine analysis of relevant behavioural cues like blinks, smiles, crossed arms, laughter, and similar, design and development of automated systems for Social Signal Processing (SSP) are rather difficult. This paper surveys the past efforts in solving these problems by a computer, it summarizes the relevant findings in social psychology, and it proposes a set of recommendations for enabling the development of the next generation of socially-aware computing.
The Automated Design of Believable Dialogues for Animated Presentation Teams
- EMBODIED CONVERSATIONAL AGENTS
, 2000
"... this paper, we investigate a new style for presenting information. We introduce the notion of presentation teams which---rather than addressing the user directly---convey information in the style of performances to be observed by the user. The paper is organized as follows. First, we report on our e ..."
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Cited by 125 (15 self)
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this paper, we investigate a new style for presenting information. We introduce the notion of presentation teams which---rather than addressing the user directly---convey information in the style of performances to be observed by the user. The paper is organized as follows. First, we report on our experience with two single animated presentation agents and explain how to evaluate their success. After that, we move to presentation teams and discuss their potential benefits for presentation tasks. In section 2, we describe the basic steps of our approach to the automated generation of performances with multiple characters. This approach has been applied to two different in: J. Cassell, S. Prevost, J. Sullivan, and E. Churchill: Embodied Conversational
Using linguistic cues for the automatic recognition of personality in conversation and text
- Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research (JAIR
, 2007
"... It is well known that utterances convey a great deal of information about the speaker in addition to their semantic content. One such type of information consists of cues to the speaker’s personality traits, the most fundamental dimension of variation between humans. Recent work explores the automat ..."
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Cited by 99 (4 self)
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It is well known that utterances convey a great deal of information about the speaker in addition to their semantic content. One such type of information consists of cues to the speaker’s personality traits, the most fundamental dimension of variation between humans. Recent work explores the automatic detection of other types of pragmatic variation in text and conversation, such as emotion, deception, speaker charisma, dominance, point of view, subjectivity, opinion and sentiment. Personality affects these other aspects of linguistic production, and thus personality recognition may be useful for these tasks, in addition to many other potential applications. However, to date, there is little work on the automatic recognition of personality traits. This article reports experimental results for recognition of all Big Five personality traits, in both conversation and text, utilising both self and observer ratings of personality. While other work reports classification results, we experiment with classification, regression and ranking models. For each model, we analyse the effect of different feature sets on accuracy. Results show that for some traits, any type of statistical model performs significantly better than the baseline, but ranking models
Does computer-synthesized speech manifest personality? experimental tests of recognition, similarity-attraction, and consistency-attraction
- Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied
, 2001
"... Would people exhibit similarity-attraction and consistency-attraction toward unambiguously computergenerated speech even when personality is clearly not relevant? In Experiment 1, participants (extrovert or introvert) heard a synthesized voice (extrovert or introvert) on a book-buying Web site. Part ..."
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Cited by 79 (5 self)
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Would people exhibit similarity-attraction and consistency-attraction toward unambiguously computergenerated speech even when personality is clearly not relevant? In Experiment 1, participants (extrovert or introvert) heard a synthesized voice (extrovert or introvert) on a book-buying Web site. Participants accurately recognized personality cues in text to speech and showed similarity-attraction in their evaluation of the computer voice, the book reviews, and the reviewer. Experiment 2, in a Web auction context, added personality of the text to the previous design. The results replicated Experiment 1 and demonstrated consistency (voice and text personality)-attraction. To maximize liking and trust, designers should set parameters, for example, words per minute or frequency range, that create a personality that is consistent with the user and the content being presented. The vast majority of content on computers and on the World Wide Web is textual. E-mail, documents, spreadsheets, presentation outlines, e-commerce sites, news and information sites, bulletin boards and chat rooms, advertisements, and search engines, although enhanced by graphical content, are all dominated by text. The prevalence of textual material is both a problem and an
Integrating models of personality and emotions into lifelike characters
, 1999
"... Abstract. A growing number of research projects in academia and industry have recently started to develop lifelike agents as a new metaphor for highly personalised human-machine communication. A strong argument in favour of using such characters in the interface is the fact that they make humancompu ..."
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Cited by 71 (3 self)
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Abstract. A growing number of research projects in academia and industry have recently started to develop lifelike agents as a new metaphor for highly personalised human-machine communication. A strong argument in favour of using such characters in the interface is the fact that they make humancomputer interaction more enjoyable and allow for communication styles common in human-human dialogue. Our earlier work in this area has concentrated on the development of animated presenters that show, explain, and verbally comment textual and graphical output on a window-based interface. Even though first empirical studies have been very encouraging and revealed a strong affective impact of our Personas [23], they also suggest that simply embodying an interface agent is insufficient. To come across as believable, an agent needs to incorporate a deeper model of personality and emotions, and in particular directly connect these two concepts.
Whose thumb is it anyway? Classifying author personality from weblog text
- In Proceedings of the 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL
, 2006
"... We report initial results on the relatively novel task of automatic classification of author personality. Using a corpus of personal weblogs, or ‘blogs’, we investigate the accuracy that can be achieved when classifying authors on four important personality traits. We explore both binary and multipl ..."
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Cited by 42 (2 self)
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We report initial results on the relatively novel task of automatic classification of author personality. Using a corpus of personal weblogs, or ‘blogs’, we investigate the accuracy that can be achieved when classifying authors on four important personality traits. We explore both binary and multiple classification, using differing sets of n-gram features. Results are promising for all four traits examined. 1
A nonverbal signal in voices of interview partners effectively predicts communication accommodation and social status perceptions
, 1996
"... Derivations from nonverbal communications accommodation theory are tested, and this knowledge is extended both theoretically and methodologically. Fast fourier transform and statistical nalysis of a low-frequency nonverbal signal in voices from 25 dyadic interviews between a talk show host and his g ..."
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Cited by 41 (0 self)
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Derivations from nonverbal communications accommodation theory are tested, and this knowledge is extended both theoretically and methodologically. Fast fourier transform and statistical nalysis of a low-frequency nonverbal signal in voices from 25 dyadic interviews between a talk show host and his guests revealed voice convergence b tween partners. Correlation coefficients from comparisons of partners ' voice spectra nd factor analysis of the correlation matrix showed that lower status partners accommodated their voices to higher status partners via the nonverbal signal. Student rat-ings of the social status of the same talk show host and guests were correlated with factor loadings, thereby providing convergent validity of the nonverbal signal as a predictor of social status percep-tions and accommodation. Howard Giles's theories of speech convergence (Giles, 1973) and accommodation (Giles & Smith, 1979) refer, respectively, to various processes whereby people shift their speech styles to become more like those with whom they are interacting and to ways in which people adapt their speech to how they believe others in the situation may best receive it. More specifically,
Amplitude Convergence in Children's Conversational Speech with Animated Personas
, 2002
"... During interpersonal conversation, both children and adults adapt the basic acoustic-prosodic features of their speech to converge with those of their conversational partner. In this study, 7-to-10year -old children interacted with a conversational interface in which animated characters used text-to ..."
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Cited by 38 (2 self)
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During interpersonal conversation, both children and adults adapt the basic acoustic-prosodic features of their speech to converge with those of their conversational partner. In this study, 7-to-10year -old children interacted with a conversational interface in which animated characters used text-to-speech output (TTS) to answer questions about marine biology. Analysis of children's speech to different animated characters revealed a 29% average change in energy when they spoke to an extroverted loud software partner (E), compared with an introverted soft-spoken one (I). The majority, or 77% of children, adapted their amplitude toward their partner's TTS voice. These adaptations were bi-directional, with increases in amplitude observed during I to E condition shifts, and decreases during E to I shifts. Finally, these results generalized across different user groups and TTS voices. Implications are discussed for guiding children's speech to remain within system processing bounds, and for the future development of robust and adaptive conversational interfaces.
Individuality and alignment in generated dialogues
- IN PROC.OF THE INTERNATIONAL NATURAL LANGUAGE GENERATION CONFERENCE
, 2006
"... It would be useful to enable dialogue agents to project, through linguistic means, their individuality or personality. Equally, each member of a pair of agents ought to adjust its language (to a greater or lesser extent) to match that of its interlocutor. We describe CRAG, which generates dialogues ..."
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Cited by 32 (0 self)
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It would be useful to enable dialogue agents to project, through linguistic means, their individuality or personality. Equally, each member of a pair of agents ought to adjust its language (to a greater or lesser extent) to match that of its interlocutor. We describe CRAG, which generates dialogues between pairs of agents, who are linguistically distinguishable, but able to align. CRAG-2 makes use of OPENCCG and an over-generation and ranking approach, guided by a set of language models covering both personality and alignment. We illustrate with examples of output, and briefly note results from user studies with the earlier CRAG-1, indicating how CRAG-2 will be further evaluated. Related work is discussed, along with current limitations and future directions.
Social Identity, self-categorization, and the communication of group norms
- Communication Theory
, 2006
"... We articulate the role of norms within the social identity perspective as a basis for the-orizing a number of manifestly communicative phenomena. We describe how group norms are cognitively represented as context-dependent prototypes that capture the dis-tinctive properties of groups. The same proce ..."
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Cited by 32 (2 self)
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We articulate the role of norms within the social identity perspective as a basis for the-orizing a number of manifestly communicative phenomena. We describe how group norms are cognitively represented as context-dependent prototypes that capture the dis-tinctive properties of groups. The same process that governs the psychological salience of different prototypes, and thus generates group normative behavior, can be used to understand the formation, perception, and diffusion of norms, and also how some group members, for example, leaders, have more normative influence than others. We illustrate this process across a number of phenomena and make suggestions for future interfaces between the social identity perspective and communication research. We believe that the social identity approach represents a truly integrative force for the communication discipline. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2885.2006.00003.x There is much made, particularly in Western societies, of individuality—how people are uniquely different from one another. However, if you observe a group of teens, or some friends at a restaurant, or a large crowd at a soccer match, you will also be
