It was six men of Indostan, To learning much inclined, Who went to see the elephant, (Though all of them were blind.) That each by observation Might satisfy his mind. The first approached the elephant, And, happening to fall Against his broad and sturdy side, At once began to bawl: "God bless me! But the elephant Is very like a wall!" The second, feeling of the tusk, Cried, "Ho! what have we here, So very round, and smooth, and sharp? To me 'tis very clear, This wonder of an elephant Is very like a spear!" The third approached the animal, And happening to take The squirming trunk within his hands, Thus boldly up he spake: "I see, " quoth he, "the elephant Is very like a snake!" The fourth reached out his eager hand, And fell about the knee; "What most this wondrous beast is like, Is very plain, " quoth he; "'Tis clear enough the elephant Is very like a tree!" The fifth, who chanced to touch the ear, Said, "E'en the blindest man Can tell what this resembles most: Deny the fact who can, This marvel of an elephant Is very like a fan!" The sixth no sooner had begun About the beast to grope, Than, seizing on the swinging tail That fell within his scope, "I see, " quoth he, "the elephant Is very like a rope!" And so these men of Indostan Disputed loud and long, Each in his own opinion Exceeding stiff and strong, Though each was partly in the right, And all were in the wrong!

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categories absent in the target language – a case study from Hungarian and Polish................................................................. 7 Maria Jodłowiec: Relevance Theory and degrees of understanding...... 23 Marta Kisielewska-Krysiuk: The epistemic/non-epistemic distinction as exemplified by must: a relevance-theoretic perspective................ 43 Ewa Mioduszewska: On relevance of non-communicative stimuli: the case of unintentional obscurity..................................................... 67 Paweł Mirecki: Misunderstanding and communication failure in Relevance Theory – a problem revisited....................................... 77

This paper proposes a new approach to essentialism in literature and art. It begins with the assumption that a certain behaviour is an action when it stands in the right causal relation to an internal process, and particularises it in the following argument: a certain behaviour is art-and the resulting object an artwork- when it stands in the right causal relation to a certain internal and, more specifically, mental/psychocognitive process. This process will be termed poetic thought state. 1

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