[Abstract] Leveraging the recent research interest in emerging economies, this Perspective paper argues that an institution-based view of international business (IB) strategy has emerged. It is positioned as one leg that helps sustain the “strategy tripod ” (the other two legs consisting of the industry- and resource-based views). We then review four diverse areas of substantive research: (1) antidumping as entry barriers, (2) competing in and out of India, (3) growing the firm in China, and (4) governing the

This article identifies the emergence of the institution-based view as a third leading perspective in strategic management (the first two being the industry-based and resource-based views). We (a) review the roots of the institution-based view, (b) articulate its two core propositions, and (c) outline how this view contributes to the four fundamental questions in strategy. Overall, we suggest that the institution-based view represents the third leg of a strategy tripod, overcomes the long-standing criticisms of the industrybased and resource-based views ’ lack of attention to contexts, and contributes significant new insights as part of the broader intellectual movement centered on new institutionalism.

We develop a real options perspective to explore how an entrepreneur-friendly bankruptcy law can encourage entrepreneurship development at the societal level. If bankrupt entrepreneurs are excessively punished for failure, they may let inherently high-risk but potentially high-return opportunities pass. We suggest that a more entrepreneur-friendly bankruptcy law, informed by a real options logic, can encourage more active and vibrant entrepreneurship development. We also discuss the implications of the role of venture capital and stigma in the effectiveness of an entrepreneur-friendly bankruptcy law. Interest continues to grow in understanding how entrepreneurship can create value in a society. Much of this interest focuses on the role of risk taking by entrepreneurs and managers in creating economic value and, in particular, how barriers to the entry of entrepreneurs into the economy can be lowered (Busenitz, Gomez, &

Abstract. This article contributes to the literature on network strategies and institutional transitions in emerging economies in Asia by identifying a realistic, intermediate phase between the early and late phases of institutional transitions suggested by Peng (2003). Focusing on the intermediate phase, we advance two arguments based on network strength and network content. First, in terms of network strength, we leverage earlier insights that networks can be classified as strong ties and weak ties. Consequently, we suggest that as institutional transitions unfold, strong-tie-based networks, instead of being phased out, are being transformed into weak-ties-based networks. Second, from a network content standpoint, we argue that the various scale and scope of institutional transitions shape the content of different networks which focus on business-to-government (B2G) ties and business-to-business (B2B) relationships. Our propositions delineate how different transitions of political and legal institutions affect the evolution of B2G and B2B networks. Overall, we suggest that networks not only differ in strength but also in content, and that their evolution is driven by the impact of different dimensions of institutional transitions governing B2G and B2B relationships.

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There is a major debate regarding the role of concentrated family ownership and control in large firms, with three positions suggesting that such concentration is (1) good, (2) bad, or (3) irrelevant for firm value. Why are there such differences? We theorize that the impact of family ownership and control on firm value is associated with the level of shareholder protection embodied in legal and regulatory institutions of a country. Data from 634 publicly listed large family firms in seven Asian countries (Hong Kong, Indonesia,

Using bankruptcy laws as a case of formal institutions, we show how formal institutions impact entrepreneurship development. Historically, bankruptcy laws usually have been harsh. Recently, many governments have realized that entrepreneur-friendly bankruptcy laws can not only lower exit barriers, but also lower entry barriers for entrepreneurs. Since bankruptcy laws are not uniform around the world, it is important to understand how they differ in their friendliness to entrepreneurs. This article focuses on six dimensions of entrepreneur-friendliness: (1) the availability of a reorganization bankruptcy option, (2) the time spent on bankruptcy procedures, (3) the cost of bankruptcy procedures, (4) the opportunity to have a fresh start in liquidation bankruptcy, (5) the opportunity to have an automatic stay of assets during reorganization bankruptcy, and (6) the opportunity for entrepreneurs and managers to remain on the job after filing for bankruptcy. In an effort to cover both developed and emerging economies and to draw on geographically diverse examples,

Abstract. This article argues that starting with substantial divergence, China strategy research and global strategy research are now converging. This scholarly transformation is largely driven by the recent rise of the Chinese economy, which has emerged from being a peripheral member of the global economy to a core contributor. I trace some of the early roots of China research in our field, outline the beginning of my own China research, and discuss my more recent research which has become more global incorporating substantial China and non-China elements. In addition, I use the emergence of the institution-based view of strategy, which has been largely propelled by China research, to shed light on how China research may make more global theoretical contributions beyond the immediate context of this research. Finally, to further push China research to the center stage of global strategy research, I recommend that scholars “act local, think global.”

Abstract “What determines the scope of the firm? ” is a fundamental question in strategy research. We argue that a new generation of diversification research needs to address the extended question: What determines the scope of the firm—both product and geographic— over time and around the world? This article has three goals: (1) to increase awareness among researchers on the necessity to add the much needed but often neglected time and geographic dimensions by introducing a new typology in diversification research, (2) to review how Asia Pacific research, including articles in this Special Issue, has contributed to our global understanding along both dimensions, and (3) to advance an institution-based view on diversification strategies that has largely been propelled by Asia Pacific research. Keywords Scope of the firm. Product diversification. Geographic diversification. Institution-based view What determines the scope of the firm? This is one of the most fundamental questions in strategy research (Rumelt, Schendel, & Teece, 1994). After more than 30 years of research

This article was presented at the Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice special issue conference at Northeastern University (October 2008). It is a portion of a longer manuscript that was presented at the