ion Let E; E 0 be PCCS expressions. The inter-model abstraction rule IMARGR is defined by E ff[p] \Gamma\Gamma! i E 0 =) E ff[p= G (E;fffg)] ae \Gamma\Gamma\Gamma\Gamma\Gamma\Gamma! i E 0 This rule uses the generative normalization function to convert generative probabilities to reactive ones, thereby abstracting away from the relative probabilities between different actions. We can now define 'GR ('G (P )) as the reactive transition system that can be inferred from P 's generative transition system via IMARGR . By the same procedure as described at the end of Section 3.1, 'GR can be extended to a mapping 'GR : j GG ! j GR . Write P GR ¸ Q if P; Q 2 Pr are reactive bisimulation equivalent with respect to the transitions derivable from G+IMARGR , i.e. the theory obtained by adding IMARGR to the rules of Figure 7. The equivalence GR ¸ is defined just like R ¸ but using the cPDF ¯GR instead of ¯R . ¯GR is defined by ¯GR (P; ff; S) = X i2I R (=I G ) fj p i j G+ I...

. We proposed a syntactical format, the path format, for structured operational semantics in which predicates may occur. We proved that strong bisimulation is a congruence for all the operators that can be defined within the path format. To show that this format is useful we provided many examples that we took from the literature about CCS, CSP, and ACP; they do satisfy the path format but no formats proposed by others. The examples include concepts like termination, convergence, divergence, weak bisimulation, a zero object, side conditions, functions, real time, discrete time, sequencing, negative premises, negative conclusions, and priorities (or a combination of these notions). Key Words & Phrases: structured operational semantics, term deduction system, transition system specification, structured state system, labelled transition system, strong bisimulation, congruence theorem, predicate. 1980 Mathematics Subject Classification (1985 Revision): 68Q05, 68Q55. CR Categories: D.3.1...

In this tutorial we give an overview of the process algebra EMPA, a calculus devised in order to model and analyze features of real-world concurrent systems such as nondeterminism, priorities, probabilities and time, with a particular emphasis on performance evaluation. The purpose of this tutorial is to explain the design choices behind the development of EMPA and how the four features above interact, and to show that a reasonable trade off between the expressive power of the calculus and the complexity of its underlying theory has been achieved.

Bisimulations that abstract from internal computation have proven to be useful for verification of compositionally defined transition systems. In the literature of probabilistic extensions of such transition systems, similar bisimulations are rare. In this paper, we introduce weak and branching bisimulation for fully probabilistic systems, transition systems where nondeterministic branching is replaced by probabilistic branching. In contrast to the nondeterministic case, both relations coincide. We give an algorithm to decide weak (and branching) bisimulation with a time complexity cubic in the number of states of the fully probabilistic system. This meets the worst case complexity for deciding branching bisimulation in the nondeterministic case. In addition, the relation is shown to be a congruence with respect to the operators of PLSCCS , a lazy synchronous probabilistic variant of CCS. We illustrate that due to these properties, weak bisimulation provides all the crucial ingredients...

We survey various notions of probabilistic automata and probabilistic bisimulation, accumulating in an expressiveness hierarchy of probabilistic system types. The aim of this paper is twofold: On the one hand it provides an overview of existing types of probabilistic systems and, on the other hand, it explains the relationship between these models.

. Lossy channel systems (LCSs) are models for communicating systems where the subprocesses are linked via unbounded FIFO channels which might lose messages. Link protocols, such as the Alternating Bit Protocol and HDLC can be modelled with these systems. The decidability of several verification problems of LCSs has been investigated by Abdulla & Jonsson [AJ93,AJ94], e.g. they have shown that the reachability problem for LCSs is decidable while LTL model checking is not. In this paper, we consider probabilistic LCSs (which are LCSs where the transitions are augmented with appropriate probabilities) as introduced by [IN97] and show that the question of whether or not a linear time property holds with probability 1 is decidable. More precisely, we show how LTL nX model checking for (certain types of) probabilistic LCSs can be reduced to a reachability problem in a (non-probabilistic) LCS where the latter can be solved with the methods of [AJ93]. 1 1 Introduction Traditiona...

. In this paper we study the extension of classical testing theory to a probabilistic process algebra. We consider a generative interpretation of probabilities for a language with two choice operators (one internal and the other external), which are annotated with a probability p 2 (0; 1). We define a testing semantics for our language, and we write P passp T to denote that the process P passes the test T with a probability p. We also give a set of essential tests which has the same strength as the full family of tests. Next we give an alternative characterization of the testing semantics, based on the idea of acceptance sets, and we prove that the new equivalence is equal to the testing equivalence. Finally, we present a fully abstract denotational semantics based on acceptance trees. 1 Introduction During the last years there has been a great activity devoted to the study of time and probabilistic extensions of concurrent processes. These extensions are very adequate for the spe...

Abstract. We consider a simple divergence-free language RP for reactive processes which includes prefixing, deterministic choice, actionguarded probabilistic choice, synchronous parallel and recursion. We show that the probabilistic bisimulation of Larsen & Skou is a congruence for this language. Following the methodology introduced by de Bakker & Zucker we give denotational semantics to this language by means of a complete metric space of (deterministic) probabilistic trees defined in terms of the powerdomain of closed sets. This new metric, although not an ultra-metric, nevertheless specialises to the metric of de Bakker & Zucker. Our semantic domain admits a full abstraction result with respect to probabilistic bisimulation. 1

Abstract. We study a process algebra which combines both nondeterministic and probabilistic behavior in the style of Segala and Lynch’s simple probabilistic automata. We consider strong bisimulation and observational equivalence, and provide complete axiomatizations for a language that includes parallel composition and (guarded) recursion. The presence of the parallel composition introduces various technical difficulties and some restrictions are necessary in order to achieve complete axiomatizations. 1

In this paper we present a probabilistic extension of LOTOS which is upward compatible with LOTOS. We present testing semantics for the reactive and generative models described in [vGSST90]. While there is a certain lose of the meaning of probabilities in the reactive model, testing with probabilistic tests proves to be too strong, because it does not relate behavior expressions which we expect to be equivalent. This is why we introduce the limited generative model, where tests are not allowed to have explicit probabilities. We give a fully abstract characterization for the reactive model, while we give alternative characterizations (based on a set of essential tests) for the generative and limited generative models. We also present some algebraic laws for each of the models, including some laws which establish the difference between the three models.