Concurrency, i.e., the domain in computer science which deals with parallel (asynchronous) computations, has very strong links with algebraic topology; this is what we are developing in this paper, giving a survey of “geometric” models for concurrency. We show that the properties we want to prove on concurrent systems are stable under some form of deformation, which is almost homotopy. In fact, as the “direction ” of time matters, we have to allow deformation only as long as we do not reverse the direction of time. This calls for a new homotopy theory: “directed ” or di-homotopy. We develop some of the geometric intuition behind this theory and give some hints about the algebraic objects one can associate with it (in particular homology groups). For some historic as well as for some deeper reasons, the theory is at a stage where there is a nice blend between cubical, ω-categorical and topological techniques.

Formal topology aims at developing general topology in intuitionistic and predicative mathematics. Many classical results of general topology have been already brought into the realm of constructive mathematics by using formal topology and also new light on basic topological notions was gained with this approach which allows distinction which are not sensible in classical topology. Here we give a systematic exposition of one of the main tools in formal topology: inductive generation. In fact, many formal topologies can be presented in a predicative way by an inductive generation and thus their properties can be proved inductively. We show however that some natural complete Heyting algebra cannot be inductively defined. Contents 1 The notion of formal topology 3 1.1 Concrete topological spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.2 Formal topologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2 Three problems and their solution 7 2.1 Formal topologies wi...

A model of the untyped lambda calculus induces a lambda theory, i.e., a congruence relation on λ-terms closed under ff- and fi-conversion. A semantics (= class of models) of the lambda calculus is incomplete if there exists a lambda theory which is not induced by any model in the semantics. In this paper we introduce a new technique to prove the incompleteness of a wide range of lambda calculus semantics, including the strongly stable one, whose incompleteness had been conjectured by Bastonero-Gouy [6, 7] and by Berline [9]. The main results of the paper are a topological incompleteness theorem and an order incompleteness theorem. In the first one we show the incompleteness of the lambda calculus semantics given in terms of topological models whose topology satisfies a property of connectedness. In the second one we prove the incompleteness of the class of partially ordered models with finitely many connected components w.r.t. the Alexandroff topology. A further result of the paper is a proof of the completeness of the semantics of the lambda calculus given in terms of topological models whose topology is non-trivial and metrizable.

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Toposes and quasi-toposes have been shown to be useful in mathematics, logic and computer science. Because of this, it is important to understand the di#erent ways in which they can be constructed. Realizability toposes and presheaf toposes are two important classes of toposes. All of the former and many of the latter arise by adding "good " quotients of equivalence relations to a simple category with finite limits. This construction is called the exact completion of the original category. Exact completions are not always toposes and it was not known, not even in the realizability and presheaf cases, when or why toposes arise in this way. Exact completions can be obtained as the composition of two related constructions. The first one assigns to a category with finite limits, the "best " regular category (called its regular completion) that embeds it. The second assigns to

. This paper is about the relationship between the theory of monadic types and the practice of concurrent functional programming. We present a typed functional programming language CMML, with a type system based on Moggi's monadic metalanguage, and concurrency based on Reppy's Concurrent ML. We present an operational and denotational semantics for the language, and show that the denotational semantics is fully abstract for may-testing. We show that a fragment of CML can be translated into CMML, and that the translation is correct up to weak bisimulation. Contents 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2 Mathematical preliminaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2.1 Categories and monads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2.2 Partial orders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....

The continuum is here presented as a formal space by means of a finitary inductive definition. In this setting a constructive proof of the Heine-Borel covering theorem is given. 1 Introduction It is well known that the usual classical proofs of the Heine-Borel covering theorem are not acceptable from a constructive point of view (cf. [vS, F]). An intuitionistic alternative proof that relies on the fan theorem was given by Brouwer (cf. [B, H]). In view of the relevance of constructive mathematics for computer science, relying on the connection between constructive proofs and computations, it is natural to look for a completely constructive proof of the theorem in its most general form, namely for intervals with real-valued endpoints. By using formal topology the continuum, as well as the closed intervals of the real line, can be defined by means of finitary inductive definitions. This approach allows a proof of the Heine-Borel theorem that, besides being constructive, can also be compl...

As is well-known, Brouwer introduced his axioms for intuitionism in order to regain central results about continuity. A notable example is the classical

In this paper we show that the Stone representation theorem for Boolean algebras can be generalized to combinatory algebras. In every combinatory algebra there is a Boolean algebra of central elements (playing the role of idempotent elements in rings), whose operations are defined by suitable combinators. Central elements are used to represent any combinatory algebra as a Boolean product of directly indecomposable combinatory algebras (i.e., algebras which cannot be decomposed as the Cartesian product of two other nontrivial algebras). Central elements are also used to provide applications of the representation theorem to lambda calculus. We show that the indecomposable semantics (i.e., the semantics of lambda calculus given in terms of models of lambda calculus, which are directly indecomposable as combinatory algebras) includes the continuous, stable and strongly stable semantics, and the term models of all semisensible lambda theories. In one of the main results of the paper we show that the indecomposable semantics is equationally incomplete, and this incompleteness is as wide as possible: for every recursively enumerable lambda theory T, there is a continuum of lambda theories including T which are omitted by the indecomposable semantics. 1

Invariance of interpretation by #-conversion is one of the minimal requirements for any standard model for the #-calculus. With the intersection type systems being a general framework for the study of semantic domains for the #-calculus, the present paper provides a (syntactic) characterisation of the above mentioned requirement in terms of characterisation results for intersection type assignment systems.