... theory T with axioms for identity types admits a non-trivial weak factorisation system. After characterising this weak factorisation system explicitly, we relate it to the homotopy theory of groupoids.

We describe a non-extensional variant of Martin-Löf type theory which we call two-dimensional type theory, and equip it with a sound and complete semantics valued in 2-categories.

We define a notion of weak ω-category internal to a model of Martin-Löf type theory, and prove that each type bears a canonical weak ω-category structure obtained from the tower of iterated identity types over that type. We show that the ω-categories arising in this way are in fact ω-groupoids.

We extend the Logical Framework by proof irrelevant equality types and present an algorithm that computes unique long normal forms. The algorithm is inspired by normalization-by-evaluation. Equality proofs which are not reflexivity are erased to a single object ∗. The algorithm decides judgmental equality, its completeness is established by a PER model. 1.

Recent work on higher-dimensional type theory has explored connections between Martin-Löf type theory, higher-dimensional category theory, and homotopy theory. These connections suggest a generalization of dependent type theory to account for computationally relevant proofs of propositional equality—for example, taking IdSet A B to be the isomorphisms between A and B. The crucial observation is that all of the familiar type and term constructors can be equipped with a functorial action that describes how they preserve such proofs. The key benefit of higher-dimensional type theory is that programmers and mathematicians may work up to isomorphism and higher equivalence, such as equivalence of categories. In this paper, we consider a further generalization of higher-dimensional type theory, which associates each type with a directed notion of transformation between its elements. Directed type theory accounts for phenomena not expressible in symmetric higher-dimensional type theory, such as a universe set of sets and functions, and a type Ctx used in functorial abstract syntax. Our formulation requires two main ingredients: First, the types themselves must be reinterpreted to take account of variance; for example, a Π type is contravariant in its domain, but covariant in its range. Second, whereas in symmetric type theory proofs of equivalence can be internalized using the Martin-Löf identity type, in directed type theory the two-dimensional structure must be made explicit at the judgemental level. We describe a 2-dimensional directed type theory, or 2DTT, which is validated by an interpretation into the strict 2-category Cat of categories, functors, and natural transformations. We also discuss applications of 2DTT for programming with abstract syntax, generalizing the functorial approach to syntax to the dependently typed and mixed-variance case. 1

In this paper we define Martin-Löf complexes to be algebras for monads on the category of (reflexive) globular sets which freely add cells in accordance with the rules of intensional Martin-Löf type theory. We then study the resulting categories of algebras for several theories. Our principal result is that there exists a cofibrantly generated Quillen model structure on

The purpose of this informal survey article is to introduce the reader to a new and surprising connection between Geometry, Algebra, and Logic, which has recently come to light in the form of an interpretation of the constructive type theory of Per Martin-Löf into homotopy

We define a notion of homotopy in the effective topos. AMS Subject Classification (2000): 18B25 (Topos Theory),55U35 (Abstract and axiomatic homotopy theory)

Intuitionistic type theory [43] is an expressive formalism that unifies mathematics and computation. A central concept is the propositions-as-types principle, according to which propositions are interpreted as types, and proofs of a proposition are interpreted as programs of the associated type. Mathematical propositions are thereby to be understood as specifications, or problem descriptions, that are solved by providing a program that meets the specification. Conversely, a program can, by the same token, be understood as a proof of its type viewed as a proposition. Over the last quarter-century type theory has emerged as the central organizing principle of programming language research, through the identification of the informal concept of language features with type structure. Numerous benefits accrue from the identification of proofs and programs in type theory. First, it provides the foundation for integrating types and verification, the two most successful formal methods used to ensure the correctness of software. Second, it provides a language for the mechanization of mathematics in which proof checking is equivalent to type checking, and proof search is equivalent to writing a program to meet a specification.

The groupoid interpretation of dependent type theory given by Hofmann and Streicher associates to each closed type a category whose objects represent the elements of that type and whose maps represent proofs of equality of elements. The categorial structure ensures that equality is reflexive (identity maps) and transitive (closure under composition); the groupoid structure, which demands that every map be invertible, ensures symmetry. Families of types are interpreted as functors; the action on maps (equality proofs) ensures that families respect equality of elements of the index type. The functorial action of a type family is computationally non-trivial in the case that the groupoid associated to the index type is non-trivial. For example, one may identity elements of a universe of sets up to isomorphism, in which case the action of a family of types indexed by sets must respect set isomorphism. The groupoid interpretation is 2-dimensional in that the coherence requirements on proofs of equality are required to hold “on the