We show that there exist 2^ℵ0 equational classes of Boolean algebras with operators that are not generated by the complex algebras of any first-order definable class of relational structures. Using a variant of this construction, we resolve a long-standing question of Fine, by exhibiting a bimodal logic that is valid in its canonical frames, but is not sound and complete for any first-order definable class of Kripke frames. The constructions use the result of Erd os that there are finite graphs with arbitrarily large chromatic number and girth.

There exist modal logics that are validated by their canonical frames but are not sound and complete for any elementary class of frames. Continuum many such bimodal logics are exhibited, including one of each degree of unsolvability, and all with the finite model property. Monomodal examples are also constructed that extend K4 and are related to the proof of non-canonicity of the McKinsey axiom. We dedicate this paper to Max Cresswell, a pioneer in the study of canonicity, on the occasion of his 65th birthday. 1

An infinitary proof theory is developed for modal logics whose models are coalgebras of polynomial functors on the category of sets. The canonical model method from modal logic is adapted to construct a final coalgebra for any polynomial functor. The states of this final coalgebra are certain “maximal ” sets of formulas that have natural syntactic closure properties. The syntax of these logics extends that of previously developed modal languages for polynomial coalgebras by adding formulas that express the “termination ” of certain functions induced by transition paths. A completeness theorem is proven for the logic of functors which have the Lindenbaum property that every consistent set of formulas has a maximal extension. This property is shown to hold if if the deducibility relation is generated by countably many inference rules. A counter-example to completeness is also given. This is a polynomial functor that is not Lindenbaum: it has an uncountable set of formulas that is deductively consistent but has no maximal extension and is unsatisfiable, even though all of its countable subsets are satisfiable. 1

This is a review of those aspects of the theory of varieties of Boolean algebras with operators (BAO's) that emphasise connections with modal logic and structural properties that are related to natural properties of logical systems.

Fine’s Canonicity Theorem states that if a modal logic is determined by a first-order definable class of Kripke frames, then it is valid in its canonical frames. This article reviews the background and context of this result, and the history of its influence on further research. It then develops a new characterisation of when a logic is canonically valid, providing a precise point of distinction with the property of firstorder completeness. 1 The Canonicity Theorem and Its Impact In his PhD research, completed in 1969, and over the next half-dozen years, Kit Fine made a series of fundamental contributions to the semantic analysis and metatheory of propositional modal logic, proving general theorems about notable classes of logics and providing examples of failure of some significant properties. This work included the following (in order of publication): • A study [6] of logics that have propositional quantifiers and are defined