Abstract not found

Our ability to see a particular object or situation in one context as being “the same as” another object or situation in another context is the essence of analogy-making. It encompasses our ability to explain new concepts in terms of already-familiar ones, to emphasize particular aspects of situations, to generalize, to characterize situations, to explain

This paper presents several challenges to the models of analogy-making, namely the need for building integrated models, the need for using dynamic and emergent representations, the need for using dynamic and emergent computation, and the need to integrate analogy-making with other cognitive processes. Some experimental data are reviewed which substantiate these needs and the main ideas how the AMBR model of analogy-making could meet these challenges are presented. 1. From the Anatomy towards the Physiology of AnalogyMaking: The Need for Integrated and Dynamic Models For a long time now the research on analogy has concentrated on the anatomy of analogymaking, i.e. on decomposing it into pieces (representation building, retrieval, mapping, transfer, evaluation, learning) and trying to understand how each individual piece works. A number of successful models of various subprocesses (mainly of mapping and retrieval) have been built which account for most of the psy...

We know that misinformation presented in interrogating questions or in advertising produces blendings, that even imagining a possible episode might produce blending as well, however, we do not know whether reasoning and problem solving can produce the same effect. On the other hand, models of analogy-making assume "perfect memory" for old episodes. The AMBR model of analogical problem solving has mechanisms for interaction between memory and reasoning which explain partial memory and memory distortions and has predicted blending effects which are due to the reasoning process. Such predictions have no parallel in any other model we know of. There has been no experimental support for these predictions so far. The current paper describes an experiment explicitly designed to test these predictions. It consists of three sessions: 1) solving three problems, 2) solving two more target problems by analogy with some of the problems in the first session, and 3) reproduction of the three problems in the first session. The results demonstrate that the degree of blending in the recalled stories depends on the target problem solved in the second session.

This paper presents an unusual prediction made by the DUAL-based model of judgment JUDGEMAP and its verification. The model is shortly presented as well as the simulation data obtained with it. These data predict that people will use the information on an irrelevant dimension when judging another dimension. This prediction is then tested in a psychological experiment and confirmed.

This paper presents a series of simulation experiments related to the interaction of memory and analogy-making in the AMBR model. This interaction makes it possible to demonstrate blending between superficially dissimilar episodes as a result of the established analogical mapping between them and of superficially and structurally dissimilar episodes as a result of a double analogy with a third episode. Both simulation experiments model the blending effect of analogy-making. The conditions for the emergence of such blending are explored on the basis of a proposed specific analogy-like retrieval mechanism.

This paper presents an attempt to build an integrated model of analogy-making and memory. In contrast to other models of analogy-making (Forbus et. al, 1995, Thagards et al,

Abstract. This paper is testing a DUAL-based model of memory. The model assumes decentralized representation of episodes as a coalition of agents and analogical transfer processes as the basis for memory reconstruction of our past. It is a model of active reconstruction thereby allowing memory insertions and blending of episodes. The experiment explores the role of the degree of internal connectivity of the coalition representing the episode on the outcome of the reconstruction process. It demonstrates that the more the links between the elements of the episode are, the higher the number of details we recall, and the lesser the intruded elements and the context influence.

The paper presents an experiment that tests the influence of an irrelevant to the task feature (namely the color of the fonts used) on the judgment of rent prices of various apartments. The rents were presented with either green or red digits that stand for the price of the apartments. Participants judged how expensive the prices are from their perspective on a 7 point scale. As result it turned out that the rents obtained different ratings depending on the color with which they were presented, i.e. there was an influence of the irrelevant to the task dimension “color ” on human judgment of a quite abstract dimension such as price. The difference is small but significant. Three possible explanations of these contextual effects are discussed with respect to the specific material used in this experiment. It was argued that spreading activation (Kokinov et al., 2004, Petkov, 2005a, 2005b) provides a better explanation of the reported results than the low-level

Abstract not found