The ability of attackers to rapidly gain control of vast numbers of Internet hosts poses an immense risk to the overall security of the Internet. Once subverted, these hosts can not only be used to launch massive denial of service floods, but also to steal or corrupt great quantities of sensitive information, and confuse and disrupt use of the network in more subtle ways.

mandated evaluation of State and local crime prevention programs funded by the U.S. Department of Justice. Key issues: What works to prevent

There has been a significant increase, fueled by technologies from the human genome project, in the availability of nucleic acid sequence information for viruses and bacteria. This paper presents a computer-assisted process that begins with nucleic acid sequence information and produces highly specific pathogen signatures. When combined with instrumentation using the polymerase chain reaction, the resulting diagnostics are both specific and sensitive. The computational and engineering aspects of converting raw sequence data into pathogen-specific and instrument-ready assays are presented. Examples and data are presented for specific pathogens, including foot-and-mouth disease virus and the human immunodeficiency virus. Keywords—Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), diagnostics, genomics, nucleic acid, ribonucleic acid (RNA), suffix tree. I.

The goal of occupational health practice is to protect the health of workers by preventing diseases and injuries from occurring. When work activities are anticipated, recognized, or found during an investigation to involve risks to workers ’ health, preventive measures should be taken to control hazardous exposures in the workplace. Respirators are often used to control inhalational exposures to hazardous airborne contaminants, including infectious agents. Of the three methods available for selecting a respirator, the expert opinion method is used most frequently to recommend respirators for controlling exposures to infectious agents. The size of the particles comprising an infectious aerosol has received particular attention relating to the selection of respiratory protection for healthcare workers. Conflicting meanings of the term “droplet ” are central to this issue and may be partly responsible for confusion concerning the particle sizes that surgical masks are unlikely to protect against. Although workers caring for patients with contagious respiratory infections are at risk of exposure to large-particle droplets greater than 100 micrometers in diameter, their risks of inhalational exposure to infectious particles are likely to be predominantly to an aerosol consisting of a mixture of evaporating droplets and droplet nuclei that remain suspended in room air for prolonged periods. Because surgical masks are intended to be used only as barriers against large-particle droplets, only respirators certified by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health should be used as part of a strategy for protecting workers against inhalational exposures to infectious aerosols. The issues outlined in this paper are focused on workers in healthcare settings, but also apply in other settings where workers may be exposed to infectious aerosols.

Virtually all indicators of physical health and mental competence favor persons of higher socioeconomic status (SES). Conventional theories in the social sciences assume that the material disadvantages of lower SES are primarily responsible for these inequalities, either directly or by inducing psychosocial harm. These theories cannot explain, however, why the relation between SES and health outcomes (knowledge, behavior, morbidity, and mortality) is not only remarkably general across time, place, disease, and kind of health system but also so finely graded up the entire SES continuum. Epidemiologists have therefore posited, but not yet identified, a more general “fundamental cause ” of health inequalities. I concatenate various bodies of evidence to demonstrate that differences in general intelligence (g) may be that fundamental cause. Intelligence and Health Inequality 3

The human suffering caused by civil war extends well beyond the direct casualties and beyond the span of the war. We examine these longer-term effects in a cross-national (1999) analysis of World Health Organization new fine-grained data on death and disability broken down by age, gender, and type of disease or condition. We test concrete hypotheses about the impact of civil wars, and find substantial long-term effects, even after controlling for several other factors. We estimate that the additional burden of death and disability incurred in 1999, from the indirect and lingering effects of civil wars in the years 1991-97, was approximately equal to that incurred directly and immediately from all wars in 1999. This impact works its way through specific diseases and conditions, and disproportionately affects women and children. We thank the Weatherhead Initiative on Military Conflict as a Public Health Problem, the Ford Foundation, and the World Health Organization, NIA (P01 17625-01) for financial support. 1

Social robots recognize and respond to human social cues with appropriate behaviors. Social robots, and the technology used in their construction, can be unique tools in the study of abnormal social development. Autism is a pervasive developmental disorder that is characterized by social and communicative impairments. Based on three years of integration and immersion with a clinical research group which performs more than 130 diagnostic evaluations of children for autism per year, this paper discusses how social robots will make an impact on the ways in which we diagnose, treat, and understand autism. 1.

Note: This paper draws heavily from several publications and presentations that DGK authored: Kilpatrick DG (2002). Making sense of rape in America: Where do the numbers come from and what do they mean? Violence Against Women Supplement Meeting, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA. Kilpatrick DG (in press). What is violence against women: Defining and measuring the problem. Journal of

This research examines a model of school violence and disruption using structural equation modeling. Data are analyzed from the 1995 School Crime Supplement to the National Crime Victimization Survey which includes 9,954 completed interviews of students age 12 to 19 in schools across the United States. Students were asked questions about school rules and procedures, knowledge of and personal experience with violence against students and teachers, accessibility of drugs, gang presence, other violence or disruption in the school, as well as individual fear relating to being victimized and self-protective actions they had taken. The analysis used a subset of 6947 subjects, age, 12 to 19, all of whom attended public schools for at least five of the last six months prior to the survey. A construct of "System of Law " included a composite (derived) measured variable for student knowledge of school rules and consequences for infractions along with another composite measured variable demonstrating implementation of rules. The "System of Law " construct was shown to lead to less disorder. On the other hand, a construct of "Secure Building, " that included composite measured variables showing physical (metal detectors, locked doors, etc.) and personnel-based (security guards, etc.) actions to run a secure building, led to more disorder. Implications for school policy and future research are discussed. School violence and disruption is a major concern of parents, students, educators, political leaders and others in the community. The public's understanding of school violence and disruption is a function of fact and perception. Furlong and Morrison (1994) report that data gathering methods to assess school violence vary considerably and that perceived violence is consistently reported at higher levels than self-reports of violent incidents. Methodologically, studies on school violence usually take a [confirmatory] hypothesis verification approach. That is, school violence is assumed to exist and survey questions elicit responses that confirm its existence.

Between 2000 and 2005 several changes have created an impact on libraries that provide consumer health information to the public. They include increased Internet connectivity; quality and amount of consumer health information available; realization that American lifestyles are leading to health problems; maturation of the consumer health movement and greater acceptance of it among health care professionals; emphasis on health literacy; and September 11th. Some changes were notable in 2000 but remain issues for providers of consumer health information. They include the number of health news items available in all media; the aging baby boomers and their impact on health care financing; less time for physicians and nurses to provide health information and patient education during regular office visits; and the popularity of complementary therapies. The impact of these issues on the provision of health information in U.S. public libraries is discussed. In 2000 this author published an article entitled “Starting a Consumer Health Information Service in a Public Library ” (Gillaspy, 2000). The present article expands on the basic information provided in the original document, noting especially what has and has not changed in the intervening five years that potentially affects consumer health information in the public library setting. Walter Broadnax, who in 1995 was the deputy secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services, stated that families in 2015 will be