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Subquadratic multiplication using optimal normal bases (2006)

by H Fan, M A Hasan
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Efficient multiplication using type 2 optimal normal bases

by Joachim Von Zur Gathen, Amin Shokrollahi, Jamshid Shokrollahi
"... Abstract. In this paper we propose a new structure for multiplication using optimal normal bases of type 2. The multiplier uses an efficient linear transformation to convert the normal basis representations of ele-ments of Fqn to suitable polynomials of degree at most n over Fq. These polynomials ar ..."
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Abstract. In this paper we propose a new structure for multiplication using optimal normal bases of type 2. The multiplier uses an efficient linear transformation to convert the normal basis representations of ele-ments of Fqn to suitable polynomials of degree at most n over Fq. These polynomials are multiplied using any method which is suitable for the implementation platform, then the product is converted back to the normal basis using the inverse of the above transformation. The efficiency of the transformation arises from a special factorization of its matrix into sparse matrices. This factorization — which resembles the FFT factorization of the DFT matrix — allows to compute the transformation and its inverse using O(n log n) operations in Fq, rather than O(n 2) operations needed for a general change of basis. Using this technique we can reduce the asymptotic cost of multiplication in optimal normal bases of type 2 from 2M(n) + O(n) reported by Gao et al. (2000) to M(n) + O(n log n) operations in Fq, where M(n) is the number of Fq-operations to multiply two polynomials of degree n − 1 over Fq. We show that this cost is also smaller than other proposed multipliers for n> 160, values which are used in elliptic curve cryptography.
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