Theories of citation are as elusive as theories of information science, which have been debated for decades. But as a basis for discussion I offer the term citationology as the theory and practice of citation, including its derivative disciplines citation analysis and bibliometrics. Several maxims, commandments if you will, have been enunciated. References are the result of a specialized symbolic language with a citation syntax and grammar. References, like words, have multiple meanings which are related to the aposteriori quality of citation indexes. Therefore, citation relevance cannot be predicted. Mathematical microtheories in bibliometrics abound, including the apposite laws of scattering and concentration. Citation behavior is a vast sub-set of citation theory, which like citation typology, can never be complete. Deviant citation behavior preoccupies certain authors but it is rarely significant in well-designed citation analyses, where proper cohorts are defined. Myths about uncitedness and the determinants of impact are discussed, as well as journal impact factors as surrogates and observations on scientists of Nobel Class. After two years at Johns Hopkins investigating “machine documentation, ” and another year as a student of library science, I became, fortuitously, a documentation consultant By 1954, I

This is the pre-copy-edited draft. Emendations and corrections resulted from copy-editing.

The aim of this article is to examine the relationship of largescale Peer-to-Peer (P2P) overlay networks and certain biological systems. In particular, we focus on organization mechanisms that are crucial to adjust and optimize the behavior of large-scale P2P systems in the face of a dynamic environment. We propose to adopt concepts and mechanisms of biological systems in order to extend their capabilities to cope with environmental changes, e.g. a highly dynamic network topology. We introduce the notion of organic P2P overlay networks that adopt behavioral and structural characteristics of biological systems. We present a framework that poses as a basis for understanding, investigating, and implementing organic P2P overlay networks. Using a case study we analyze an organic P2P overlay network, AntCAN, that utilizes ant colony optimization to improve the query processing in the face of varying query distribution patterns. Experiments confirm the functional e#ciency of this selforganization mechanisms as well as the applicability of our proposed framework.

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An Information Systems Design Theory (ISDT) is a prescriptive theory that offers theory-based principles that can guide practitioners in the design of effective Information Systems and set an agenda for on-going research. This paper introduces the origins of the ISDT concept and describes one ISDT for Web-based Education (WBE). The paper shows how this ISDT has, over the last seven years, produced a WBE Information System that is more inclusive, flexible and is more closely integrated with the needs of its host organization.

Complex adaptive systems research adds to the theory of how to design systems that are resilient to change in turbulent environments. This paper reports a case story about using complex adaptive systems theory for designing a quality management system in a politically turbulent organization. The story explains how the quality management system evolved rapidly, exploiting the turbulence of the organization, but collapsed after six years. Through an analysis and discussion of what went wrong, three key issues are identified and explained; (1) topology of quality management systems, (2) controlling the controllers, and (3) projects perspective vs. systems perspective. Implications for a revised design strategy are discussed.

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The role of the quality manager in large public sector organizations: Project proposal