. This paper suggests that a distinction between knowledge acquisition methods should be made. On the one hand there are methods which aim to help the expert and knowledge engineer analyse what knowledge is involved in solving a particular type of problem and how this problem solving is carried out. These methods are concerned with classifying the different types of problem solving and providing tools and methods to help the knowledge engineer identify the appropriate approach and ensure nothing is omitted.. A different approach to knowledge acquisition focuses on ensuring incremental addition of validated knowledge as mistakes are discovered (validated knowledge here means only that the earlier performance of the system is not degraded by the addition of new knowledge). The organisation of this knowledge is managed by the system rather than the expert and knowledge engineer. This would seem to correspond to human incremental development of expertise. From this perspective...

Over the ten years a community on context has emerged. Brzillon (1999) proposed a survey of the literature about context in artificial intelligence. There is a now series of conference on context, a web site and a mailing list. The number of web pages with the word "context" has been multiply by four in the last five years. Being among the instigators of the use of context in real-world applications, we present in this paper the evolution of our thoughts over the last years and the result that is obtained as a representation formalism based on contextual graphs and used in a real-world application called SART. We also point out some similarities between contextual graphs and some models developed in other domains.

This paper reports some preliminary work on the IntoMyWorld candidate Presence II project. One of the key components of IntoMyWorld is a mixed reality ‘album ’ of important events. The album will contain entries which will allow people, for example, to re-immerse themselves in their own weddings or other significant events. Among our first tasks are (a) to understand the salient features and dimensions of events which must be captured and (b) identify the range of environmental cues required to trigger memories and re-immersion. Our psychological position has been draw upon contemporary thinking on autobiographical memory and add to this aspects of schema theory. Schema theory claims that memories are encoded and recalled in structured packets that have ‘slots’ which can store either default or individual values. While psychologists have studied schemata and have experimentally manipulated their formation and recall, we propose to activate them using technology. The IntoMyWorld system will make use of situated, interactive schemata to help trigger memories and with this a sense of being present once more at specific events and places. In this initial work we consider some of the issues in recreating a significant event in the lives of our parents and grandparents, namely VE day – May 1945. 1.

This text adopts a cognitive viewpoint on design, focusing on individually conducted activities actually implemented in professional, industrial design projects. It presents elements for a cognitive descriptive model of design that, on the one hand, furthers our understanding of design, and on the other hand, offers elements to people who wish to use such knowledge in order to advance education and practice of professional designers. The text is especially concerned with dynamic aspects of design —that is, it focuses on the activity implemented by designers, especially the cognitive processes and/or strategies they use — rather than with static aspects. Section 1 presents the classical cognitive viewpoint on design, that is, the symbolic information-processing (SIP) approach, represented by Herbert A. Simon. Section 2 focuses on the main alternative to the SIP approach for design, i.e. the "situativity " (SIT) approach, mainly represented by Donald Schön. Section 3 is the main division of this text. It presents nuances and critiques with respect to both SIP and SIT approaches, and completes and integrates these two approaches into our own cognitively oriented dynamic approach to design.