Abstract. This paper examines the constructive Hausdorff and packing dimensions of weak truth-table degrees. The main result is that every infinite sequence S with constructive Hausdorff dimension dimH(S) and constructive packing dimension dimP(S) is weak truth-table equivalent to a sequence R with dimH(R) ≥ dimH(S)/dimP(S) − ɛ, for arbitrary ɛ> 0. Furthermore, if dimP(S)> 0, then dimP(R) ≥ 1−ɛ. The reduction thus serves as a randomness extractor that increases the algorithmic randomness of S, as measured by constructive dimension. A number of applications of this result shed new light on the constructive dimensions of wtt degrees (and, by extension, Turing degrees). A lower bound of dimH(S)/dimP(S) is shown to hold for the wtt degree of any sequence S. A new proof is given of a previously-known zero-one law for the constructive packing dimension of wtt degrees. It is also shown that, for any regular sequence S (that is, dimH(S) = dimP(S)) such that dimH(S)> 0, the wtt degree of S has constructive Hausdorff and packing dimension equal to 1. Finally, it is shown that no single Turing reduction can be a universal constructive Hausdorff dimension extractor.

An infinite binary sequence has randomness rate σ if, for almost every n, the Kolmogorov complexity of its prefix of length n is at least σn. It is known that for every rational σ ∈ (0, 1), on one hand, there exists sequences with randomness rate σ that can not be effectively transformed into a sequence with randomness rate higher than σ and, on the other hand, any two independent sequences with randomness rate σ can be transformed into a sequence with randomness rate higher than σ. We show that the latter result holds even if the two input sequences have linear dependency (which, informally speaking, means that all prefixes of length n of the two sequences have in common a constant fraction of their information). The similar problem is studied for finite strings. It is shown that from any two strings with sufficiently large Kolmogorov complexity and sufficiently small dependence, one can effectively construct a string that is random even conditioned by any one of the input strings.

Abstract. We construct a ∆0 2 infinite binary sequence with effective Hausdorff dimension 1/2 that does not compute a sequence of higher dimension. Introduced by Lutz, effective Hausdorff dimension can be viewed as a measure of the information density of a sequence. In particular, the dimension of A ∈ 2ω is the lim inf of the ratio between the information content and length of initial segments of A. Thus the main result demonstrates that it is not always possible to extract information from a partially random source to produce a sequence that has higher information density. 1.

Abstract. A relatively longstanding question in algorithmic randomness is Jan Reimann’s question whether there is a Turing cone of broken dimension. That is, is there a real A such that {B: B ≤T A} contains no 1-random real, yet contains elements of nonzero effective Hausdorff Dimension? We show that the answer is affirmative if Hausdorff dimension is replaced by its inner analogue packing dimension. We construct a minimal degree of effective packing dimension 1. This leads us to examine the Turing degrees of reals with positive effective packing dimension. Unlike effective Hausdorff dimension, this is a notion of complexity which is shared by both random and sufficiently generic reals. We provide a characterization of the c.e. array noncomputable degrees in terms of effective packing dimension. 1.

Two objects are independent if they do not affect each other. Independence is wellunderstood in classical information theory, but less in algorithmic information theory. Working in the framework of algorithmic information theory, the paper proposes two types of independence for arbitrary infinite binary sequences and studies their properties. Our two proposed notions of independence have some of the intuitive properties that one naturally expects. For example, for every sequence x, the set of sequences that are independent (in the weaker of the two senses) with x has measure one. For both notions of independence we investigate to what extent pairs of independent sequences, can be effectively constructed via Turing reductions (from one or more input sequences). In this respect, we prove several impossibility results. For example, it is shown that there is no effective way of producing from an arbitrary sequence with positive constructive Hausdorff dimension two sequences that are independent (even in the weaker type of independence) and have super-logarithmic complexity. Finally, a few conjectures and open questions are discussed.

We clarify the role of Kolmogorov complexity in the area of randomness extraction. We show that a computable function is an almost randomness extractor if and only if it is a Kolmogorov complexity extractor, thus establishing a fundamental equivalence between two forms of extraction studied in the literature: Kolmogorov extraction and randomness extraction. We present a distribution M k based on Kolmogorov complexity that is complete for randomness extraction in the sense that a computable function is an almost randomness extractor if and only if it extracts randomness from M k. 1

Abstract. It is shown that from two strings that are partially random and independent (in the sense of Kolmogorov complexity) it is possible to effectively construct polynomially many strings that are random and pairwise independent. If the two initial strings are random, then the above task can be performed in polynomial time. It is also possible to construct in polynomial time a random string, from two strings that have constant randomness rate.