We solve the decision problem for simply typed lambda calculus with strong binary sums, equivalently the word problem for free cartesian closed categories with binary coproducts. Our method is based on the semantical technique known as “normalization by evaluation ” and involves inverting the interpretation of the syntax into a suitable sheaf model and from this extracting appropriate unique normal forms. There is no rewriting theory involved, and the proof is completely constructive, allowing program extraction from the proof. 1

Abstract not found

This thesis contains an investigation of Coquand's Calculus of Constructions, a basic impredicative Type Theory. We review syntactic properties of the calculus, in particular decidability of equality and type-checking, based on the equality-as-judgement presentation. We present a set-theoretic notion of model, CC-structures, and use this to give a new strong normalization proof based on a modification of the realizability interpretation. An extension of the core calculus by inductive types is investigated and we show, using the example of infinite trees, how the realizability semantics and the strong normalization argument can be extended to non-algebraic inductive types. We emphasize that our interpretation is sound for large eliminations, e.g. allows the definition of sets by recursion. Finally we apply the extended calculus to a non-trivial problem: the formalization of the strong normalization argument for Girard's System F. This formal proof has been developed and checked using the...

We now define the notion, already discussed, of an effectively calculable function of positive integers by identifying it with the notion of a recursive function of positive integers (or of a lambdadefinable function of positive integers). The phrase in parentheses refers to the apparatus which Church had developed to investigate this and other problems in the foundations of mathematics: the calculus of lambda conversion. Both the Thesis and the lambda calculus have been of seminal influence on the development of Computing Science. The main subject of this article is the lambda calculus but I will begin with a brief sketch of the emergence of the Thesis. The epistemological status of Church’s Thesis is not immediately clear from the above quotation and remains a matter of debate, as is explored in other papers of this volume. My own view, which I will state but not elaborate here, is that the thesis is empirical because it relies for its significance on a claim about what can be calculated by mechanisms. This becomes clearer in

Abstract not found

A proof checking system may support syntax that is more convenient for users than its `official' language. For example LEGO (a typechecker for several systems related to the Calculus of Constructions) has algorithms to infer some polymorphic instantiations (e.g. pair 2 true instead of pair nat bool 2 true) and universe levels (e.g. Type instead of Type(4)). Users need to understand such features, but do not want to know the algorithms for computing them. In this note I explain these two features by non-deterministic operational semantics for "translating" implicit syntax to the fully explicit underlying formal system. The translations are sound and complete for the underlying type theory, and the algorithms (which I will not talk about) are sound (not necessarily complete) for the translations. This note is phrased in terms of a general class of type theories. The technique described has more general application. 1 Introduction Consider the usual formal system, !, for simp...

Abstract not found

Image factorizations in regular categories are stable under pullbacks, so they model a natural modal operator in dependent type theory. This unary type constructor [A] has turned up previously in a syntactic form as a way of erasing computational content, and formalizing a notion of proof irrelevance. Indeed, semantically, the notion of a support is sometimes used as surrogate proposition asserting inhabitation of an indexed family. We give rules for bracket types in dependent type theory and provide complete semantics using regular categories. We show that dependent type theory with the unit type, strong extensional equality types, strong dependent sums, and bracket types is the internal type theory of regular categories, in the same way that the usual dependent type theory with dependent sums and products is the internal type theory of locally cartesian closed categories. We also show how to interpret rst-order logic in type theory with brackets, and we make use of the translation to compare type theory with logic. Specically, we show that the propositions-as-types interpretation is complete with respect to a certain fragment of intuitionistic rst-order logic. As a consequence, a modied double-negation translation into type theory (without bracket types) is complete for all of classical rst-order logic.

The Calculus of Constructions is a higher-order formalism for writing constructive proofs in a natural deduction style, inspired from work of de Bruijn [2, 3], Girard [12], Martin-Löf [14] and Scott [18]. The calculus and its syntactic theory were presented in Coquand’s thesis [7], and an implementation by the author was used to mechanically verify a substantial number of proofs demonstrating the power of expression of the formalism [9]. The Calculus of Constructions is proposed as a foundation for the design of programming environments where programs are developed consistently with formal specifications. The current paper shows how to define inductive concepts in the calculus. A very general induction schema is obtained by postulating all elements of the type of interest to belong to the standard interpretation associated with a predicate map. This is similar to the treatment of D. Park [16], but the power of expression of the formalism permits a very direct treatment, in a language that is formalized enough to be actually implemented on computer. Special instances of the induction schema specialize to Nœtherian induction and Structural induction over any algebraic type. Computational Induction is treated in an axiomatization of Domain Theory in Constructions. It is argued that the resulting principle is more powerful than LCF’s [13], since the restriction on admissibility is expressible in the object language. Notations We assume the reader is familiar with the Calculus of Constructions, as presented in [7, 9, 10, 11]. More precisely, we shall use in the present paper the extended system defined in Section 11 of [8]. The notation [x: A]B stands for the algorithm with formal parameter x of type A and body B, whereas (x: A)B stands for the product of types B indexed by x ranging over A. Thus square brackets are used for λ-abstraction, whereas parentheses stand for product formation. The atom P rop is the type of logical propositions. The atom T ype stands for the first level in the predicative hierarchy of types (and thus we have P rop: T ype). We abbreviate (x: A)B into A → B whenever x does not occur in B. When B: P rop, we think of (x: A)B as the universally quantified proposition ∀x: A·B. When x does not occur in B and A: P rop,

Abstract. X10 is a modern object-oriented language designed for productivity and performance in concurrent and distributed systems. In this setting, dependent types offer significant opportunities for detecting design errors statically, documenting design decisions, eliminating costly runtime checks (e.g., for array bounds, null values), and improving the quality of generated code. We present the design and implementation of constrained types, a natural, simple, clean, and expressive extension to object-oriented programming: A type C(:c) names a class or interface C and a constraint c on the immutable state of C and in-scope final variables. Constraints may also be associated with class definitions (representing class invariants) and with method and constructor definitions (representing preconditions). Dynamic casting is permitted. The system is parametric on the underlying constraint system: the compiler supports a simple equalitybased constraint system but, in addition, supports extension with new constraint systems using compiler plugins. 1