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The Economic Effects of Climate Change
- JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVES—VOLUME 23, NUMBER 2—SPRING 2009—PAGES 29–51
, 2009
"... Greenhouse gas emissions are fundamental both to the world’s energy system and to its food production. The production of CO 2, the predominant gas implicated in climate change, is intrinsic to fossil fuel combustion; specifically, thermal energy is generated by breaking the chemical bonds in the car ..."
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Cited by 92 (7 self)
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Greenhouse gas emissions are fundamental both to the world’s energy system and to its food production. The production of CO 2, the predominant gas implicated in climate change, is intrinsic to fossil fuel combustion; specifically, thermal energy is generated by breaking the chemical bonds in the carbohydrates oil, coal, and natural gas and oxidizing the components to CO 2 and H 2O. One cannot have cheap energy without carbon dioxide emissions. Similarly, methane (CH 4) emissions, an important greenhouse gas in its own right, are necessary to prevent the build-up of hydrogen in anaerobic digestion and decomposition. One cannot have beef, mutton, dairy, or rice without methane emissions. Climate change is the mother of all externalities: larger, more complex, and more uncertain than any other environmental problem. The sources of greenhouse gas emissions are more diffuse than any other environmental problem. Every company, every farm, every household emits some greenhouse gases. The effects are similarly pervasive. Weather affects agriculture, energy use, health, and many aspects of nature—which in turn affects everything and everyone. The causes and consequences of climate change are very diverse, and those in low-income countries who contribute least to climate change are most vulnerable to its effects. Climate change is also a long-term problem. Some greenhouse gases have an atmospheric life-time measured in tens of thousands of years. The quantities of emissions involved are enormous. In 2000, carbon dioxide emissions alone (and excluding land use change) were 24 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide (tCO 2).
Adaptation to environmental change: Contributions of a resilience framework.
- Annual Review of Environment and Resources
, 2007
"... Abstract Adaptation is a process of deliberate change in anticipation of or in reaction to external stimuli and stress. The dominant research tradition on adaptation to environmental change primarily takes an actorcentered view, focusing on the agency of social actors to respond to specific environ ..."
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Cited by 91 (0 self)
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Abstract Adaptation is a process of deliberate change in anticipation of or in reaction to external stimuli and stress. The dominant research tradition on adaptation to environmental change primarily takes an actorcentered view, focusing on the agency of social actors to respond to specific environmental stimuli and emphasizing the reduction of vulnerabilities. The resilience approach is systems orientated, takes a more dynamic view, and sees adaptive capacity as a core feature of resilient social-ecological systems. The two approaches converge in identifying necessary components of adaptation. We argue that resilience provides a useful framework to analyze adaptation processes and to identify appropriate policy responses. We distinguish between incremental adjustments and transformative action and demonstrate that the sources of resilience for taking adaptive action are common across scales. These are the inherent system characteristics that absorb perturbations without losing function, networks and social capital that allow autonomous action, and resources that promote institutional learning.
The role of local institutions in adaptation to climate change. Paper presented at the Social Dimensions of Climate Change workshop, World Bank
, 2008
"... This paper has not undergone the review accorded to official World Bank publications. The findings, interpretations and conclusions herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank and its affiliated ..."
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Cited by 66 (0 self)
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This paper has not undergone the review accorded to official World Bank publications. The findings, interpretations and conclusions herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or its Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. To request copies of the paper or for more information on the series,
Adaptation and mitigation: trade-offs in substance and methods
- ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & POLICY
, 2003
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Coastal Systems and Low-lying Areas
- IN: Climate Change Impacts, Adaptations and Vulnerability. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment Report. IPCC Secretariat
, 2007
"... See next page for additional authors Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong. For further information contact the UOW ..."
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Cited by 40 (3 self)
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See next page for additional authors Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong. For further information contact the UOW
The weakest link hypothesis for adaptive capacity: an empirical test. Global Environ Change
, 2007
"... Abstract Yohe and Tol (2001) built an indexing method for vulnerability based on the hypothesis that the adaptive capacity for any system facing a vector of external stresses could be explained by the weakest of eight underlying determinants -the so-called "weakest link" hypothesis. Subse ..."
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Cited by 34 (0 self)
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Abstract Yohe and Tol (2001) built an indexing method for vulnerability based on the hypothesis that the adaptive capacity for any system facing a vector of external stresses could be explained by the weakest of eight underlying determinants -the so-called "weakest link" hypothesis. Subsequent work supported the hypothesis by analogy from other contexts, but we now offer perhaps the first attempt to explore its validity through empirical means. We estimate a structural form designed to accommodate the full range of possible interactions across determinants. The perfect complement case of the pure "weakest-link" formulation lies on one extreme, and the perfect substitute case where each determinant can compensate for all others at constant rates is the other limiting case. For vulnerability to natural disasters, infant mortality and drinking water treatment, we find qualified support for a modified weakest link hypothesis: the weakest indicator plays an important role, but is not essential because other factors can compensate (with increasing difficulty). For life expectancy, sanitation and nutrition, we find a relationship that is close to linear -the perfect substitute case where the various determinants of adaptive capacity can compensate for each other. Moreover, we find another source of diversity in the assessment of vulnerability, since the factors from which systems draw to create adaptive capacity are different for different risks.
African Survey
, 1998
"... The user of the Vocational Interest Survey (VIS) has available a number of interpretative approaches at various descriptive and qualitative levels. This report provides a brief outline of the various approaches. Whenever all six scales of the VIS are administered, the client's total score on al ..."
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Cited by 32 (0 self)
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The user of the Vocational Interest Survey (VIS) has available a number of interpretative approaches at various descriptive and qualitative levels. This report provides a brief outline of the various approaches. Whenever all six scales of the VIS are administered, the client's total score on all six scales should be within the average range. The average total score is 54. Fifty percent of all clients range from 26 to 72. The clients ' highest scores determine their resemblance to one of the six vocational types. People who resemble many vocational types are labeled as undifferentiated or poorly defined; the average level of differentiation in a sample of 206 high school students was 58. The level of consistency refers to the compatibility between a person's highest interests. Compatibility is measured by the distance between the vocational types of interest on a hexagonal typology of interests
A review of the Stern Review
- World Economics
, 2006
"... delivered to the Prime Minister and the Chancellor of the Exchequer of the United Kingdom in late October of 2006. A team of 23 people, led by Sir Nicholas Stern and supported by many consultants, worked for a little ..."
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Cited by 12 (0 self)
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delivered to the Prime Minister and the Chancellor of the Exchequer of the United Kingdom in late October of 2006. A team of 23 people, led by Sir Nicholas Stern and supported by many consultants, worked for a little
Coastal landscape and the hedonic price of accommodation
"... The impact of climate change on tourism has been examined in terms of changes in a destinations climate; the impact of ancillary effects such as sea-level rise has been neglected. In this study the role that coastal and other landscape features have on the attractiveness of tourist destinations is e ..."
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Cited by 11 (0 self)
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The impact of climate change on tourism has been examined in terms of changes in a destinations climate; the impact of ancillary effects such as sea-level rise has been neglected. In this study the role that coastal and other landscape features have on the attractiveness of tourist destinations is examined using the hedonic price technique. The average price of accommodation in the coastal districts of Schleswig-Holstein is explained using landscape and other characteristics of these districts. As the western coastline of Schleswig-Holstein is protected by dikes, adaptation measures as well as natural coastal features are represented in the data set. The analysis shows that an increase in the length of dikes in a given district would result in a reduction in the average price of accommodation. An increase in the length of open coast results in an increase in the average price of accommodation. The impact of sealevel rise is examined through an assessment of the financial losses in the accommodation sector through the modification of the coastline caused by the construction of different coastal protection measures. It was found that, purely in terms of accommodation revenues, beach nourishment rather than dike construction is the more beneficial adaptation measure.
Toward Farsightedly Stable International Environmental Agreements. Environmental Economics and Management
, 2011
"... Abstract The stability of International Environmental Agreements (IEA) is analyzed by using game theory. The integrated assessment model FUND provides the cost-benefit payoff functions of pollution abatement for sixteen different world regions. The farsighted stability concept of Chwe (1994) is use ..."
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Cited by 9 (4 self)
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Abstract The stability of International Environmental Agreements (IEA) is analyzed by using game theory. The integrated assessment model FUND provides the cost-benefit payoff functions of pollution abatement for sixteen different world regions. The farsighted stability concept of Chwe (1994) is used and solved by combinatorial algorithms. Farsighted stability assumes perfect foresight of the players and predicts which coalitions can be formed when players are farsighted. All farsightedly stable coalitions are found, and their improvement to environment and welfare is considerable. The farsightedly stable coalitions are refined further to preferred farsightedly stable coalitions, which are coalitions where the majority of coalition members reach higher profits in comparison to any other farsightedly stable coalitions. Farsightedly stable coalitions contribute more to the improvement of environment and welfare in comparison to D'Aspremont stable ones
