Structured peer-erg163 overlay networks such as CAN, Chord, Pastry, and Tapestry can be used to implement Internet-g683 application-3 vel multicast. There are two general approaches to accomplishingthis: tree buildingand flooding. This paper evaluates these two approaches usingtwo different types of structured overlay: 1) overlays which use a form of generalized hypercube routing, e.g., Chord, Pastry and Tapestry, and 2) overlays which use a numerical distance metric to route through a Cartesian hyper-erg15 e.g., CAN. Pastry and CAN are chosen as the representatives of each type of overlay. To the best of our knowledge, this paper reports the firstheadto -d- comparison ofCAN-B91g versus Pastry-gZ4B overlay networks, usingmulticast communication workloads runningon an identical simulation infrastructure. The two approaches to multicast are independent of overlay network choice, and we provide a comparison of floodingversus tree-2696 multicast on both overlays. Results show that the tree-2613 approach consistently outperforms the floodingapproach. Finally, for treebased multicast, we show that Pastry provides better performance than CAN.

The Core-Assisted Mesh Protocol (CAMP) is introduced for multicast routing in ad-hoc networks. CAMP generalizes the notion of core-based trees introduced for internet multicasting into multicast meshes that have much richer connectivity than trees. A shared multicast mesh is defined for each multicast group; the main goal of using such meshes is to maintain the connectivity of multicast groups even while network routers move frequently. CAMP consists of the maintenance of multicast meshes and loop-free packet forwarding over such meshes. Within the multicast mesh of a group, packets from any source in the group are forwarded along the reverse shortest path to the source, just as in traditional multicast protocols based on source-based trees. CAMP guarantees that, within a finite time, every receiver of a multicast group has a reverse shortest path to each source of the multicast group. Multicast packets for a group are forwarded along the shortest paths from sources to receivers defined within the group's mesh. CAMP uses cores only to limit the traffic needed for a router to join a multicast group; the failure of cores does not stop packet forwarding or the process of maintaining the multicast meshes.

Multicast trees can be shared across sources (shared trees) or may be source-specific (shortest path trees). Inspired by recent interests in using shared trees for interdomain multicasting, we investigate the trade-offs among shared tree types and source specific shortest path trees, by comparing performance over both individual multicast group and the whole network. The performance is evaluated in terms of path length, link cost, and traffic concentration. We present simulation results over a real network as well as random networks under different circumstances. One practically significant conclusion is that member- or sendercentered trees have good delay and cost properties on average, but they exhibit heavier traffic concentration which makes them inappropriate as the universal form of trees for all types of applications. Keywords: Multicast, Routing, Scalability, Center Placement Strategy 1 Introduction Multimedia communication is often multi-point and has contributed to the dem...

The V kernel supports an abstraction of processes, with operations for interprocess communication, process management, and memory management. This abstraction is used as a software base for constructing distributed systems. As a distributed kernel, the V kernel makes intermachine bound-aries largely transparent. In this environment of many cooperating processes on different machines, there are many logical groups of processes. Examples include the group of tile servers, a group of processes executing a particular job, and a group of processes executing a distributed parallel computation. In this paper we describe the extension of the V kernel to support process groups. Operations on groups include group interprocess communication, which provides an application-level abstraction of network multicast. Aspects of the implementation and performance, and initial experience with applications are discussed.

This paper presents an algorithm for content-based forwarding, an essential function in content-based networking. Unlike in traditional address-based unicast or multicast networks, where messages are given explicit destination addresses, the movement of messages through a content-based network is driven by predicates applied to the content of the messages. Forwarding in such a network amounts to evaluating the predicates stored in a router's forwarding table in order to decide to which neighbor routers the message should be sent. We are interested in finding a forwarding algorithm that can make this decision as quickly as possible in situations where there are large numbers of predicates and high volumes of messages. We present such an algorithm and give the results of studies evaluating its performance.

This paper proposes a routing scheme for contentbased networking. A content-based network is a communication network that features a new advanced communication model where messages are not given explicit destination addresses, and where the destinations of a message are determined by matching the content of the message against selection predicates declared by nodes. Routing in a content-based network amounts to propagating predicates and the necessary topological information in order to maintain loop-free and possibly minimal forwarding paths for messages. The routing scheme we propose uses a combination of a traditional broadcast protocol and a contentbased routing protocol. We present the combined scheme and its requirements over the broadcast protocol. We then detail the content-based routing protocol, highlighting a set of optimization heuristics. We also present the results of our evaluation, showing that this routing scheme is effective and scalable.

This paper presents a new approach for building shared trees which have the capability of providing multiple routes from the joining node onto an existing tree. The approach follows a design parameter of CBT and PIM in that it operates independently of any unicast routing protocol. However, a paradigm shift is introduced such that trees are built in an on-demand basis through the use of a one-to-many joining mechanism. In addition, the paper presents optimisations of the new mechanism to help constrain its impact in the case where many receivers exist for a given multicast group. 1. Introduction As it exists today, IP multicasting is centered on a receiver initiated model for building a delivery tree. This approach allows the one-to-many distribution model of data packets to scale well in the presence of many receivers that have joined the same group. In expanding this model to the case of a many-to-many distribution, wherein many senders are sending data to the same group destinatio...

Multicast (MC) routing algorithms capable of satisfying the quality of service (QoS) requirements of real-time applications will be essential for future high-speed networks. We compare the performance of all of the important MC routing algorithms when applied to networks with asymmetric link loads. Each algorithm is judged based on the quality of the MC trees it generates and its efficiency in managing the network resources. Simulation results over random networks show that unconstrained algorithms are not capable of fulfilling the QoS requirements of real-time applications in wide-area networks. Simulations also reveal that one of the unconstrained algorithms, reverse path multicasting (RPM), is quite inefficient when applied to asymmetric networks. We study how combining routing with resource reservation and admission control improves RPM’s efficiency in managing the network resources. The performance of one semiconstrained heuristic, MSC, three constrained Steiner tree (CST) heuristics, KPP, CAO, and BSMA, and one constrained shortest path tree (CSPT) heuristic, CDKS are also studied. Simulations show that the semiconstrained and constrained heuristics are capable of successfully constructing MC trees which satisfy the QoS requirements of real-time traffic. However, the cost performance of the heuristics varies. BSMA’s MC trees are lower in cost than all other constrained heuristics. Finally, we compare the execution times of all algorithms, unconstrained, semiconstrained, and constrained.

Ubiquitous computing is poised to revolutionize the way we compute and interact with each other. However, unless privacy concerns are taken into account early in the design process, we will end up creating a very effective distributed surveillance system, which would be a dream come true for electronic stalkers and "big brothers. " We present a protocol, which preserves the privacy of users and keeps their communication anonymous. In effect, we create a "mist" that conceals users from the system and other users. Yet, users will still be able to enjoy seamless interaction with services and other entities that wander within the ubiquitous computing environment. Keywords Ubiquitous computing, privacy, Mist Routers, anonymous communication, authentication, security 1.

Overlay broker networks are an important part of an event-based middleware. In this paper, we investigate the requirements of overlay broker networks and argue that using peer-to-peer techniques for their creation and the content-based routing of events has many advantages. We support our claims with an experimental evaluation of Hermes, an event-based middleware architecture that uses a peer-topeer routing substrate, in comparison with a standard publish /subscribe system that has a simple, predefined overlay topology. The results reveal that Hermes has better routing e#ciency and keeps less routing state at the event brokers.