Sieber has described a model of PCF consisting of continuous functions that are invariant under certain (finitary) logical relations, and shown that it is fully abstract for closed terms of up to third-order types. We show that one may achieve full abstraction at all types using a form of "Kripke logical relations" introduced by Jung and Tiuryn to characterize -definability. To appear in Information and Computation. (Accepted, October 1994) Supported by NSF grant CCR-92110829. 1 Introduction The nature of sequential functional computation has fascinated computer scientists ever since Scott remarked on a curious incompleteness phenomenon when he introduced LCF (Logic for Computable Functions) and its continuous function model in 1969 (Scott, 1993). Scott noted that although the functionals definable by terms in PCF---the term language of LCF---admitted a sequential evaluation strategy, there were functions in the model that seemed to require a parallel evaluation strategy. "Sequen...

. The first-order theories of finite and rational, constructor and feature trees possess complete axiomatizations and are decidable by quantifier elimination [15, 13, 14, 5, 10, 3, 20, 4, 2]. By using the uniform inseparability lower bounds techniques due to Compton and Henson [6], based on representing large binary relations by means of short formulas manipulating with high trees, we prove that all the above theories, as well as all their subtheories, are non-elementary in the sense of Kalmar, i.e., cannot be decided within time bounded by a k- story exponential function 1 exp k (n) for any fixed k. Moreover, for some constant d ? 0 these decision problems require nondeterministic time exceeding exp 1 (bdnc) infinitely often. 1 Introduction Trees are fundamental in Computer Science. Different tree structures are used as underlying domains in automated theorem proving, term rewriting, functional and logic programming, constraint solving, symbolic computation, knowledge re...

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A language is autoreducible if it can be reduced to itself by a Turing machine that does not ask its own input to the oracle. We use autoreducibility to separate exponential space from doubly exponential space by showing that all Turing-complete sets for exponential space are autoreducible but there exists some Turingcomplete set for doubly exponential space that is not. We immediately also get a separation of logarithmic space from polynomial space. Although we already know how to separate these classes using diagonalization, our proofs separate classes solely by showing they have different structural properties, thus applying Post's Program to complexity theory. We feel such techniques may prove unknown separations in the future. In particular if we could settle the question as to whether all complete sets for doubly exponential time were autoreducible we would separate polynomial time from either logarithmic space or polynomial space. We also show several other theorems about autore...

We study the set of resource bounded Kolmogorov random strings: R t = fx j K t (x) jxjg for t a time constructible function such that t(n) 2 n 2 and t(n) 2 2 n O(1) . We show that the class of sets that Turing reduce to R t has measure 0 in EXP with respect to the resource-bounded measure introduced by [17]. From this we conclude that R t is not Turing-complete for EXP . This contrasts the resource unbounded setting. There R is Turing-complete for co-RE . We show that the class of sets to which R t bounded truthtable reduces, has p 2 -measure 0 (therefore, measure 0 in EXP ). This answers an open question of Lutz, giving a natural example of a language that is not weaklycomplete for EXP and that reduces to a measure 0 class in EXP . It follows that the sets that are p btt -hard for EXP have p 2 -measure 0. 1 Introduction One of the main questions in complexity theory is the relation between complexity classes, such as for example P ; NP , and EXP . It is well known that ...

ABSTRACT. For any rational number r, we show that there exists a set A (weak truthtable reducible to the halting problem) such that any set B weak truth-table reducible to it has effective Hausdorff dimension at most r, where A itself has dimension at least r. This implies, for any rational r, the existence of a wtt-lower cone of effective dimension r. 1.

Abstract. In the context of combinations of theories with disjoint signatures, we classify the component theories according to the decidability of constraint satisfiability problems in arbitrary and in infinite models, respectively. We exhibit a theory T1 such that satisfiability is decidable, but satisfiability in infinite models is undecidable. It follows that satisfiability in T1 ∪ T2 is undecidable, whenever T2 has only infinite models, even if signatures are disjoint and satisfiability in T2 is decidable. In the second part of the paper we strengthen the Nelson-Oppen decidability transfer result, by showing that it applies to theories over disjoint signatures, whose satisfiability problem, in either arbitrary or infinite models, is decidable. We show that this result covers decision procedures based on rewriting, complementing recent work on combination of theories in the rewrite-based approach to satisfiability. 1

In this report, we emphasize the differences of grammar families and their properties versus language families and their properties. To this end, we investigate grammar families from an abstract standpoint, developping a new framework of reasoning. In particular when considering decidability questions, special care must be taken when trying to use decidability results (which are, in the first place, properties of grammar families) in order to establish results (e.g. hierarchy results) on language families. We illustrate this by inspecting some theorems and their proofs in the field of regulated rewriting. In this way, we also correct the formulation of an important theorem of Hinz and Dassow. As an exercise, we show that there is no `effective' grammatical characterization of the family of recursive languages. Moreover, we show how to prove the strictness of the Chomsky hierarchy using decidability properties only.

Abstract. This paper examines the constructive Hausdorff and packing dimensions of weak truth-table degrees. The main result is that every infinite sequence S with constructive Hausdorff dimension dimH(S) and constructive packing dimension dimP(S) is weak truth-table equivalent to a sequence R with dimH(R) ≥ dimH(S)/dimP(S) − ɛ, for arbitrary ɛ> 0. Furthermore, if dimP(S)> 0, then dimP(R) ≥ 1−ɛ. The reduction thus serves as a randomness extractor that increases the algorithmic randomness of S, as measured by constructive dimension. A number of applications of this result shed new light on the constructive dimensions of wtt degrees (and, by extension, Turing degrees). A lower bound of dimH(S)/dimP(S) is shown to hold for the wtt degree of any sequence S. A new proof is given of a previously-known zero-one law for the constructive packing dimension of wtt degrees. It is also shown that, for any regular sequence S (that is, dimH(S) = dimP(S)) such that dimH(S)> 0, the wtt degree of S has constructive Hausdorff and packing dimension equal to 1. Finally, it is shown that no single Turing reduction can be a universal constructive Hausdorff dimension extractor.

Constructive dimension and constructive strong dimension are effectivizations of the Hausdorff and packing dimensions, respectively. Each infinite binary sequence A is assigned a dimension [0, 1] and a strong dimension Dim(A) [0, 1].