Abstract. This paper outlines a new framework for compressive sensing: convolution with a random waveform followed by random time domain subsampling. We show that sensing by random convolution is a universally efficient data acquisition strategy in that an n-dimensional signal which is S sparse in any fixed representation can be recovered from m � S log n measurements. We discuss two imaging scenarios — radar and Fourier optics — where convolution with a random pulse allows us to seemingly super-resolve fine-scale features, allowing us to recover high-resolution signals from low-resolution measurements. 1. Introduction. The new field of compressive sensing (CS) has given us a fresh look at data acquisition, one of the fundamental tasks in signal processing. The message of this theory can be summarized succinctly [7, 8, 10, 15, 32]: the number of measurements we need to reconstruct a signal depends on its sparsity rather than its bandwidth. These measurements, however, are different than the samples that

The main goal of this paper is to prove inequalities on the reconstruction error for Kernel Principal Component Analysis. With respect to previous work on this topic, our contribution is twofold: (1) we give bounds that explicitly take into account the empirical centering step in this algorithm, and (2) we show that a “localized” approach allows to obtain more accurate bounds. In particular, we show faster rates of convergence towards the minimum reconstruction error; more precisely, we prove that the convergence rate can typically be faster than n −1/2. We also obtain a new relative bound on the error. A secondary goal, for which we present similar contributions, is to obtain convergence bounds for the partial sums of the biggest or smallest eigenvalues of the kernel Gram matrix towards eigenvalues of the corresponding kernel operator. These quantities are naturally linked to the KPCA procedure; furthermore these results can have applications to the study of various other kernel algorithms. The results are presented in a functional analytic framework, which is suited to deal rigorously with reproducing kernel Hilbert spaces of infinite dimension. 1

Embeddings of probability measures into reproducing kernel Hilbert spaces have been proposed as a straightforward and practical means of representing and comparing probabilities. In particular, the distance between embeddings (the maximum mean discrepancy, or MMD) has several key advantages over many classical metrics on distributions, namely easy computability, fast convergence and low bias of finite sample estimates. An important requirement of the embedding RKHS is that it be characteristic: in this case, the MMD between two distributions is zero if and only if the distributions coincide. Three new results on the MMD are introduced in the present study. First, it is established that MMD corresponds to the optimal risk of a kernel classifier, thus forming a natural link between the distance between distributions and their ease of classification. An important consequence is that a kernel must be characteristic to guarantee classifiability between distributions in the RKHS. Second, the class of characteristic kernels is broadened to incorporate all strictly positive definite kernels: these include non-translation invariant kernels and kernels on non-compact domains. Third, a generalization of the MMD is proposed for families of kernels, as the supremum over MMDs on a class of kernels (for instance the Gaussian kernels with different bandwidths). This extension is necessary to obtain a single distance measure if a large selection or class of characteristic kernels is potentially appropriate. This generalization is reasonable, given that it corresponds to the problem of learning the kernel by minimizing the risk of the corresponding kernel classifier. The generalized MMD is shown to have consistent finite sample estimates, and its performance is demonstrated on a homogeneity testing example. 1

Abstract—Compressed sensing seeks to recover a sparse vector from a small number of linear and non-adaptive measurements. While most work so far focuses on Gaussian or Bernoulli random measurements we investigate the use of partial random circulant and Toeplitz matrices in connection with recovery by ℓ1-minization. In contrast to recent work in this direction we allow the use of an arbitrary subset of rows of a circulant and Toeplitz matrix. Our recovery result predicts that the necessary number of measurements to ensure sparse reconstruction by ℓ1-minimization with random partial circulant or Toeplitz matrices scales linearly in the sparsity up to a log-factor in the ambient dimension. This represents a significant improvement over previous recovery results for such matrices. As a main tool for the proofs we use a new version of the non-commutative Khintchine inequality. I.

Abstract—Compressed sensing seeks to recover a sparse vector from a small number of linear and non-adaptive measurements. While most work so far focuses on Gaussian or Bernoulli random measurements we investigate the use of partial random circulant and Toeplitz matrices in connection with recovery by ℓ1-minization. In contrast to recent work in this direction we allow the use of an arbitrary subset of rows of a circulant and Toeplitz matrix. Our recovery result predicts that the necessary number of measurements to ensure sparse reconstruction by ℓ1-minimization with random partial circulant or Toeplitz matrices scales linearly in the sparsity up to a log-factor in the ambient dimension. This represents a significant improvement over previous recovery results for such matrices. As a main tool for the proofs we use a new version of the non-commutative Khintchine inequality. I.

Abstract. Let X be a Banach space. Suppose that for all p ∈ (1, ∞) a constant Cp,X depending only on X and p exists such that for any two X-valued martingales f and g with tangent martingale difference sequences one has E‖f ‖ p ≤ Cp,XE‖g ‖ p This property is equivalent to the UMD condition. In fact, it is still equivalent to the UMD condition if in addition one demands that either f or g satisfy the so-called (CI) condition. However, for some applications it suffices to assume that (∗) holds whenever g satisfies the (CI) condition. We show that the class of Banach spaces for which (∗) holds whenever only g satisfies the (CI) condition is more general than the class of UMD spaces, in particular it includes the space L1. We state several problems related to (∗) and other decoupling inequalities. 1.