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187
Rethinking the emotional brain
, 2012
"... ts fe o th emotion is, and how it differs from other aspects of mind and behavior, in spite of discussion and debate that dates back to emotion, since animal research is essential for identifying cally use these ‘‘feeling words’ ’ as guideposts to explore the terrain of emotion. One set of such phen ..."
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Cited by 678 (3 self)
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ts fe o th emotion is, and how it differs from other aspects of mind and behavior, in spite of discussion and debate that dates back to emotion, since animal research is essential for identifying cally use these ‘‘feeling words’ ’ as guideposts to explore the terrain of emotion. One set of such phenomena includes responses that occur whenProgress in understanding emotional phenomena in the brains of laboratory animals has in fact helped elucidate emotional functions in the human brain, including pathological aspects of responses that occur when in danger or when in the presence of a potential mate or in the presence of food when hungry or drink when thirsty. These are fundamental phenomena that haveemotion. But what does this really mean? If we don’t have an agreed-upon definition of emotion that allows us to say what always interested animal behavior scientists, and would be of interest even if the terms ‘‘emotion’ ’ and ‘‘feelings’ ’ neverspecific circuits and mechanisms in the brain that underlie emotional phenomena. an organism detects and responds to significant events in the course of surviving and/or maintaining well-being—for example,the earliest days in modern biology and psychology (e.g., Dar-
The adolescent brain.
- Developmental Review,
, 2008
"... Abstract Adolescence is a developmental period characterized by suboptimal decisions and actions that give rise to an increased incidence of unintentional injuries and violence, alcohol and drug abuse, unintended pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases. Traditional neurobiological and cognitive ..."
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Abstract Adolescence is a developmental period characterized by suboptimal decisions and actions that give rise to an increased incidence of unintentional injuries and violence, alcohol and drug abuse, unintended pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases. Traditional neurobiological and cognitive explanations for adolescent behavior have failed to account for the nonlinear changes in behavior observed during adolescence, relative to childhood and adulthood. This review provides a biologically plausible conceptualization of the neural mechanisms underlying these nonlinear changes in behavior, as a heightened responsiveness to incentives while impulse control is still relatively immature during this period. Recent human imaging and animal studies provide a biological basis for this view, suggesting differential development of limbic reward systems relative to top-down control systems during adolescence relative to childhood and adulthood. This developmental pattern may be exacerbated in those adolescents with a predisposition toward risk-taking, increasing the risk for poor outcomes.
A new look at habits and the habit–goal interface
- Psychological Review
, 2007
"... The present model outlines the mechanisms underlying habitual control of responding and the ways in which habits interface with goals. Habits emerge from the gradual learning of associations between responses and the features of performance contexts that have historically covaried with them (e.g., p ..."
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Cited by 50 (2 self)
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The present model outlines the mechanisms underlying habitual control of responding and the ways in which habits interface with goals. Habits emerge from the gradual learning of associations between responses and the features of performance contexts that have historically covaried with them (e.g., physical settings, preceding actions). Once a habit is formed, perception of contexts triggers the associated response without a mediating goal. Nonetheless, habits interface with goals. Constraining this interface, habit associations accrue slowly and do not shift appreciably with current goal states or infrequent counterhabitual responses. Given these constraints, goals can (a) direct habits by motivating repetition that leads to habit formation and by promoting exposure to cues that trigger habits, (b) be inferred from habits, and (c) interact with habits in ways that preserve the learned habit associations. Finally, the authors outline the implications of the model for habit change, especially for the selfregulation of habit cuing.
Brain basis of early parentinfant interactions: Psychology, physiology, and in vivo functional neuroimaging studies
- Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry
, 2007
"... Parenting behavior critically shapes human infants' current and future behavior. The parent-infant relationship provides infants with their first social experiences, forming templates of what they can expect from others and how to best meet others' expectations. In this review, we focus o ..."
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Cited by 36 (4 self)
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Parenting behavior critically shapes human infants' current and future behavior. The parent-infant relationship provides infants with their first social experiences, forming templates of what they can expect from others and how to best meet others' expectations. In this review, we focus on the neurobiology of parenting behavior, including our own functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) brain imaging experiments of parents. We begin with a discussion of background, perspectives and caveats for considering the neurobiology of parent-infant relationships. Then, we discuss aspects of the psychology of parenting that are significantly motivating some of the more basic neuroscience research. Following that, we discuss some of the neurohormones that are important for the regulation of social bonding, and the dysregulation of parenting with cocaine abuse. Then, we review the brain circuitry underlying parenting, proceeding from relevant rodent and nonhuman primate research to human work. Finally, we focus on a study-by-study review of functional neuroimaging studies in humans. Taken together, this research suggests that networks of highly conserved hypothalamic-midbrain-limbic-paralimbiccortical circuits act in concert to support aspects of parent response to infants, including the emotion, attention, motivation, empathy, decision-making and other thinking that are required to navigate the complexities of parenting. Specifically, infant stimuli activate basal forebrain regions, which regulate brain circuits that handle specific nurturing and caregiving responses and activate the brain's more general circuitry for handling emotions, motivation, attention, and empathy -all of which are crucial for effective parenting. We argue that an integrated understanding of the brain basis of parenting has profound implications for mental health.
An unexpected sequence of events: mismatch detection in the human hippocampus
- PLoS Biol
, 2006
"... The ability to identify and react to novelty within the environment is fundamental to survival. Computational models emphasize the potential role of the hippocampus in novelty detection, its unique anatomical circuitry making it ideally suited to act as a comparator between past and present experien ..."
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Cited by 29 (1 self)
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The ability to identify and react to novelty within the environment is fundamental to survival. Computational models emphasize the potential role of the hippocampus in novelty detection, its unique anatomical circuitry making it ideally suited to act as a comparator between past and present experience. The hippocampus, therefore, is viewed to detect associative mismatches between what is expected based on retrieval of past experience and current sensory input. However, direct evidence that the human hippocampus performs such operations is lacking. We explored brain responses to novel sequences of objects using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), while subjects performed an incidental target detection task. Our results demonstrate that hippocampal activation was maximal when prior predictions concerning which object would appear next in a sequence were violated by sensory reality. In so doing, we establish the biological reality of associative match-mismatch computations within the human hippocampus, a process widely held to play a cardinal role in novelty detection. Our results also suggest that the hippocampus may generate predictions about how future events will unfold, and critically detect when these expectancies are violated, even when task demands do not require it. The present study also offers broader insights into the nature of essential computations carried out by the hippocampus, which may also underpin its unique contribution to episodic memory.
Expected Value, Reward Outcome, and Temporal Difference Error Representations in a Probabilistic Decision Task
, 2008
"... In probabilistic decision tasks, an expected value (EV) of a choice is calculated, and after the choice has been made, this can be updated based on a temporal difference (TD) prediction error between the EV and the reward magnitude (RM) obtained. The EV is measured as the probability of obtaining a ..."
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Cited by 25 (4 self)
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In probabilistic decision tasks, an expected value (EV) of a choice is calculated, and after the choice has been made, this can be updated based on a temporal difference (TD) prediction error between the EV and the reward magnitude (RM) obtained. The EV is measured as the probability of obtaining a reward 3 RM. To understand the contribution of different brain areas to these decision-making processes, functional magnetic resonance imaging activations related to EV versus RM (or outcome) were measured in a probabilistic decision task. Activations in the medial orbitofrontal cortex were correlated with both RM and with EV and confirmed in a conjunction analysis to extend toward the pregenual cingulate cortex. From these representations, TD reward prediction errors could be produced. Activations in areas that receive from the orbitofrontal cortex including the ventral striatum, midbrain, and inferior frontal gyrus were correlated with the TD error. Activations in the anterior insula were correlated negatively with EV, occurring when low reward outcomes were expected, and also with the uncertainty of the reward, implicating this region in basic and crucial decision-making parameters, low expected outcomes, and uncertainty.
In search of the neural circuits of intrinsic motivation
- Frontiers in neuroscience
, 2007
"... All in-text references underlined in blue are linked to publications on ResearchGate, letting you access and read them immediately. ..."
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Cited by 20 (8 self)
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All in-text references underlined in blue are linked to publications on ResearchGate, letting you access and read them immediately.
A Biophysically Based Neural Model of Matching Law Behavior: Melioration by Stochastic Synapses
, 2006
"... In experiments designed to uncover the neural basis of adaptive decision making in a foraging environment, neuroscientists have reported single-cell activities in the lateral intraparietal cortex (LIP) that are correlated with choice options and their subjective values. To investigate the underlying ..."
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Cited by 17 (2 self)
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In experiments designed to uncover the neural basis of adaptive decision making in a foraging environment, neuroscientists have reported single-cell activities in the lateral intraparietal cortex (LIP) that are correlated with choice options and their subjective values. To investigate the underlying synaptic mechanism, we considered a spiking neuron model of decision making endowed with synaptic plasticity that follows a reward-dependent stochastic Hebbian learning rule. This general model is tested in a matching task in which rewards on two targets are scheduled randomly with different rates. Our main results are threefold. First, we show that plastic synapses provide a natural way to integrate past rewards and estimate the local (in time) “return ” of a choice. Second, our model reproduces the matching behavior (i.e., the proportional allocation of choices matches the relative reinforcement obtained on those choices, which is achieved through melioration in individual trials). Our model also explains the observed “undermatching ” phenomenon and points to biophysical constraints (such as finite learning rate and stochastic neuronal firing) that set the limits to matching behavior. Third, although our decision model is an attractor network exhibiting winner-take-all competition, it captures graded neural spiking activities observed in LIP, when the latter were sorted according to the choices and the difference in the returns for the two targets. These results suggest that neurons in LIP are involved in selecting the oculomotor responses, whereas rewards are integrated and stored elsewhere, possibly by plastic synapses and in the form of the return rather than income of choice options.
Pallidal control of substantia nigra dopaminergic neuron firing pattern and its relation to extracellular neostriatal dopamine levels
- Neuroscience
, 2004
"... Abstract: At least 70 % of the afferents to substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons are GABAergic. The vast majority of these arise from the neostriatum, the external globus pallidus and the substantia nigra pars reticulata. Nigral dopaminergic neurons express both GABAA and GABAB receptors, and are i ..."
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Abstract: At least 70 % of the afferents to substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons are GABAergic. The vast majority of these arise from the neostriatum, the external globus pallidus and the substantia nigra pars reticulata. Nigral dopaminergic neurons express both GABAA and GABAB receptors, and are inhibited by local application of GABAA or GABAB agonists in vivo and in vitro. However, in vivo, synaptic responses elicited by stimulation of neostriatal or pallidal afferents, or antidromic activation of nigral pars reticulata GABAergic projection neurons are mediated predominantly or exclusively by GABAA receptors. The clearest and most consistent role for the nigral GABAB receptor in vivo is as an inhibitory autoreceptor that presynaptically modulates GABAA synaptic responses that originate from all three principal GABAergic inputs. The firing pattern of dopaminergic neurons is also effectively modulated by GABAergic inputs in vivo. Local blockade of nigral GABAA receptors causes dopaminergic neurons to shift to a burst firing pattern regardless of the original firing pattern. This is accompanied by a modest increase in spontaneous firing rate. The GABAergic inputs from the axon collaterals of the pars reticulata projection neurons seem to be a particularly important source of a GABAA tone to the dopaminergic neurons, inhibition of which leads to burst firing. The globus pallidus exerts powerful control over the pars reticulata input, and through the latter, disynaptically over the dopaminergic neurons. Inhibition of pallidal output leads to a slight decrease in
Decoding of Temporal Intervals From Cortical Ensemble Activity
, 2007
"... You might find this additional information useful... This article cites 111 articles, 37 of which you can access free at: ..."
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Cited by 13 (4 self)
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You might find this additional information useful... This article cites 111 articles, 37 of which you can access free at:
