the state of the literature. We develop a framework for organizing the literature based on the input-mediatoroutput-input (IMOI) model from the small groups literature. We present a quantitative summary of articles selected for the review and then discuss findings of this literature categorized into issues pertaining to inputs (e.g., member characteristics, technology use and project characteristics), processes (software development and social processes), emergent states (e.g., trust and task related states) and outputs (e.g. team performance, FLOSS implementation and project evolution). Based on this review, we suggest topics for future research, as well as identifying methodological and theoretical issues for future inquiry in this area, including issues relating to sampling and the need for more longitudinal studies.

SUMMARY—Teams of people working together for a common purpose have been a centerpiece of human social organization ever since our ancient ancestors first banded together to hunt game, raise families, and defend their communities. Human history is largely a story of people working together in groups to explore, achieve, and conquer. Yet, the modern concept of work in large organizations that developed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries is largely a tale of work as a collection of individual jobs. A variety of global forces unfolding over the last two decades, however, has pushed organizations worldwide to restructure work around teams, to enable more rapid, flexible, and adaptive responses to the unexpected. This shift in the structure of work has made team effectiveness a salient organizational concern. Teams touch our lives everyday and their effectiveness is important to well-being across a wide range of societal functions. There is over 50 years of psychological research—literally thousands of studies—focused on understanding and influencing the processes that underlie team effectiveness. Our goal in this monograph is to sift through this voluminous literature to identify what we know, what we think we know, and what we need to know to improve the effectiveness of work groups and teams. We begin by defining team effectiveness and establishing the conceptual underpinnings of our approach to understanding it. We then turn to our review, which concentrates primarily on topics that have well-developed theoretical and empirical foundations, to ensure that our conclusions and recommendations are on firm footing. Our review begins by focusing on cognitive, motivational/affective, and behavioral team processes—processes that enable team members to combine their resources to resolve task demands and, in so doing, be effective. We then turn our attention to identifying interventions, or ‘‘levers,’ ’ that can shape or align team processes and thereby provide tools

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: We thank the senior editor on the manuscript, V. Sambamurthy, and the anonymous associate editor and reviewers for their many insightful suggestions on earlier

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This paper develops an organization design-oriented conceptual model of scientific knowledge production through citizen science virtual organizations. Citizen science is a form of organization design for collaborative scientific research involving scientists and volunteers, for which Internet-based modes of participation enable massive virtual collaboration by thousands of members of the public. The conceptual model provides an example of a theory development process and discusses its application to an exploratory study. The paper contributes a multi-level process model for organizing investigation into the impact of design on this form of scientific knowledge production.

Abstract. This research explored aspects of agile teamwork initiatives associated with positive socio-psychological phenomena, with a focus on phenomena outside the scope of traditional management, organizational, and software engineering research. Agile teams were viewed as complex adaptive socio-technical systems. Qualitative grounded theory was used to explore the socio-psychological characteristics of agile teams under the umbrella research question: What is the experience of being in an agile software development team? Results included a deeper understanding of the link between agile practices and positive team outcomes such as motivation and cohesion. 1

Good team players are often defined in trait terms; that is, they are described as dependable, flexible, or cooperative. Our goal is to examine the relationship between team member personality traits and team effectiveness. However, to understand the effects of personality on team performance requires greater specificity in how personality is described and in how team effectiveness is described. A hierarchical model of team member personality is presented that defines higherlevel personality traits and specific facets relevant to team performance. Next, a classification of the core teamwork dimensions underlying effective team performance is presented. Finally, predictions are derived linking team member personality facets to specific teamwork requirements.

Summary: This paper describes an ongoing research project which aims to use Multi-Agent Systems (MAS) to simulate team-working behaviours and cognitions in engineering design teams. Although researchers from other disciplines have successfully used MAS to model and simulate seemingly complex behaviours-- through the application of simple rules-- this invaluable technology is currently underutilised in psychology.

Abstract. This paper presents a process-driven design of a semantic wiki environment for academic writing, based on the pedagogy of social scaffolding. We illustrate how semantics can be exploited to facilitate effective sharing of practice during the main stages of dissertation writing. We also show initial exploration of semantics for community scaffolding. The research is being conducted within an interdisciplinary project involving pedagogical experts, user communities, and software developers.

Abstract. The libre software development model has shown how combining collective intelligence can lead to revolutionary methods that underpin major software advancements. This paper argues that the time is ripe to examine the application of this model to the development of educational materials where not only teachers but also students can become actively involved in the creation of educational content. The paper describes a novel, truly open platform, developed within the Edukalibre project 3, to support the creation of collaboratively constructed educational materials. The paper presents the Edukalibre collaborative editing system that provides easy access to core technologies composed of a document repository with version control management and conversion tools to produce several formats for each document. Two different collaborative editing interfaces- COLLAB and ConDOR- have been implemented. Based on evaluation studies with COLLAB and ConDOR, we discuss several pedagogical and technological issues related to the deployment of community-driven development of educational content. 1