After a short period of being not much more than a curiosity, the World-Wide Web quickly became an important medium for discussion, commerce, and business. Instead of holding just information that the entire world could see, web pages also became used to access email, financial records, and other personal or proprietary data that was meant to be viewed only by particular individuals or groups. This made it necessary to design mechanisms that would restrict access to web pages. Unfortunately, most current mechanisms are lacking in generality and flexibility---they interoperate poorly and can express only a limited number of security policies.

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TPS is a theorem proving system for first- and higher-order logic which runs in Common Lisp and can operate in automatic, semi-automatic, and interactive modes. As its logical language TPS uses the typed A-calculus [6], in which most theorems of mathematics can be expressed very directly. TPS can be used to search for an expansion proof [10, 11] of a theorem, which represents in a nonredtmdant way the basic combinatorial information required to construct a proof of

We discuss issues relevant to the practical use of a previously proposed notation for lambda terms in contexts where the intensions of such terms have to be manipulated. This notation uses the `nameless' scheme of de Bruijn, includes expressions for encoding terms together with substitutions to be performed on them and contains a mechanism for combining such substitutions so that they can be effected in a common structure traversal. The combination mechanism is a general one and consequently difficult to implement. We propose a simplification to it that retains its functionality in situations that occur commonly in fi-reduction. We then describe a system for annotating terms to determine if they can be affected by substitutions generated by external fi-contractions. These annotations can lead to a conservation of space and time in implementations of reduction by permitting substitutions to be performed trivially in certain situations. The use of the resulting notation in the reduction...

Consideration of the question of meaning in the framework of linguistics often requires an allusion to sets and other higher-order notions. The traditional approach to representing and reasoning about meaning in a computational setting has been to use knowledge representation systems that are either based on first-order logic or that use mechanisms whose formal justifications are to be provided after the fact. In this paper we shall consider the use of a higher-order logic for this task. We first present a version of definite clauses (positive Horn clauses) that is based on this logic. Predicate and function variables may occur in such clauses and the terms in the language are the typed -terms. Such term structures have a richness that may be exploited in representing meanings. We also describe a higher-order logic programming language, called Prolog, which represents programs as higher-order definite clauses and interprets them using a depth-first interpreter. A virtue of this languag...

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Contents 1 Introduction : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 2 2 The expressive power of second order Logic : : : : : : : : : : : 3 2.1 The language of second order logic : : : : : : : : : : : : : 3 2.2 Expressing size : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 4 2.3 Defining data types : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 6 2.4 Describing processes : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 8 2.5 Expressing convergence using second order validity : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 9 2.6 Truth definitions: the analytical hierarchy : : : : : : : : 10 2.7 Inductive definitions : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 13 3 Canonical semantics of higher order logic : : : : : : : : : : : : 15 3.1 Tarskian semantics of second order logic : : : : : : : : : 15 3.2 Function and re

Abstract. This paper explores how to extend the dependency pair technique for proving termination of higher-order rewrite systems. In the first order case, the termination of term rewriting systems are proved by showing the non-existence of an infinite R-chain of the dependency pairs. However, the termination and the non-existence of an infinite R-chain do not coincide in the higher-order case. We introduce a new notion of dependency forest that characterize infinite reductions and infinite R-chains, and show that the termination property of higher-order rewrite systems R can be checked by showing the non-existence of an infinite R-chain, if R is strongly linear or non-nested. 1

Even though higher-order calculi for automated theorem proving are rather old, tableau calculi have not been investigated yet. This paper presents two free variable tableau calculi for higher-order logic that use higher-order unification as the key inference procedure. These calculi differ in the treatment of the substitutional properties of equivalences. The first calculus is equivalent in deductive power to the machineoriented higher-order refutation calculi known from the literature, whereas the second is complete with respect to Henkin's general models.

. This is description of TPS, a theorem-proving system for classical type theory (Church's typed #-calculus). TPS has been designed to be a general research tool for manipulating wffs of first- and higher-order logic, and searching for proofs of such wffs interactively or automatically, or in a combination of these modes. An important feature of TPS is the ability to translate between expansion proofs and natural deduction proofs. Examples of theorems that TPS can prove completely automatically are given to illustrate certain aspects of TPS's behavior and problems of theorem proving in higher-order logic. AMS Subject Classification: 03-04, 68T15, 03B35, 03B15, 03B10. Key words: higher-order logic, type theory, mating, connection, expansion proof, natural deduction. 1. Introduction TPS is a theorem-proving system for classical type theory ## (Church's typed #-calculus [20]) which has been under development at Carnegie Mellon University for a number years. This paper gives a general...