We investigate the complexity of various combinatorial theorems about linear and partial orders, from the points of view of computability theory and reverse mathematics. We focus in particular on the principles ADS (Ascending or Descending Sequence), which states that every infinite linear order has either an infinite descending sequence or an infinite ascending sequence, and CAC (ChainAntiChain), which states that every infinite partial order has either an infinite chain or an infinite antichain. It is well-known that Ramsey's Theorem for pairs (RT

The computability-theoretic and reverse mathematical aspects of various combinatorial principles, such as König’s Lemma and Ramsey’s Theorem, have received a great deal of attention and are active areas of research. We carry on this study of effective combinatorics by analyzing various partition theorems (such as Ramsey’s Theorem) with the aim of understanding the complexity of solutions to computable instances in terms of the Turing degrees and the arithmetical hierarchy. Our main focus is the study of the effective content of two partition theorems allowing infinitely many col-ors: the Canonical Ramsey Theorem of Erdös and Rado, and the Regressive Function Theorem of Kanamori and McAloon. Our results on the complexity of solutions rely heavily on a new, purely inductive, proof of the Canonical Ramsey Theorem. This study unearths some interesting relationships between these two partition theorems, Ramsey’s Theorem, and Konig’s Lemma, and these connections will be emphasized. We also study Ramsey degrees, i.e. those Turing degrees which are able to compute homogeneous sets for every computable 2-coloring of pairs of natural numbers, in an attempt to further understand the effective content of Ramsey’s Theorem for exponent 2. We establish some new results about these degrees, and obtain as a corollary the nonexistence of a “universal ” computable 2-coloring of pairs of natural numbers.

. We study some generalized notions of cohesiveness which arise naturally in connection with effective versions of Ramsey 's Theorem. An infinite set A of natural numbers is n--cohesive (respectively, n--r--cohesive) if A is almost homogeneous for every computably enumerable (respectively, computable) 2--coloring of the n--element sets of natural numbers. (Thus the 1--cohesive and 1--r--cohesive sets coincide with the cohesive and r--cohesive sets, respectively.) We consider the degrees of unsolvability and arithmetical definability levels of n--cohesive and n--r--cohesive sets. For example, we show that for all n 2, there exists a \Delta 0 n+1 n--cohesive set. We improve this result for n = 2 by showing that there is a \Pi 0 2 2--cohesive set. We show that the n--cohesive and n--r--cohesive degrees together form a linear, non--collapsing hierarchy of degrees for n 2. In addition, for n 2 we characterize the jumps of n--cohesive degrees as exactly the degrees 0 (n+1) and s...

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Using the tools of computability theory and reverse mathematics, we study the complexity of two partition theorems, the Canonical Ramsey Theorem of Erdös and Rado, and the Regressive Function Theorem of Kanamori and McAloon. Our main aim is to analyze the complexity of the solutions to computable instances of these problems in terms of the Turing degrees and the arithmetical hierarchy. We succeed in giving a sharp characterization for the Canonical Ramsey Theorem for exponent 2 and for the Regressive Function Theorem for all exponents. These results rely heavily on a new, purely inductive, proof of the Canonical Ramsey Theorem. This study also unearths some interesting relationships between these two partition theorems, Ramsey’s Theorem, and Konig’s Lemma. 1

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Abstract. We study the reverse mathematics and computability-theoretic strength of (stable) Ramsey’s Theorem for pairs and the related principles COH and DNR. We show that SRT 2 2 implies DNR over RCA0 but COH does not, and answer a question of Mileti by showing that every computable stable 2-coloring of pairs has an incomplete ∆ 0 2 infinite homogeneous set. We also give some extensions of the latter result, and relate it to potential approaches to showing that SRT 2 2 does not imply RT 2 2. 1.

We investigate the complexity of several classical model theoretic theorems about prime and atomic models and omitting types. Some are provable in RCA0, others are equivalent to ACA0. One, that every atomic theory has an atomic model, is not provable in RCA0 but is incomparable with WKL0, more than Π1 1 conservative over RCA0 and strictly weaker than all the combinatorial principles of Hirschfeldt and Shore [2007] that are not Π1 1 conservative over RCA0. A prior-ity argument with Shore blocking shows that it is also Π 1 1-conservative over BΣ2. We also provide a theorem provable by a finite injury priority argument that is conservative over IΣ1 but implies IΣ2 over BΣ2, and a type omitting theorem that is equivalent to the principle that for every X there is a set that is hyperimmune relative to X. Finally, we give a version of the atomic model theorem that is equivalent to the principle that for every X there is a set that is not recursive in X, and is thus in a sense the weakest possible natural principle not true in the ω-model consisting of the recursive sets.

Abstract. Paul Cohen's method of forcing, together with Saul Kripke's related semantics for modal and intuitionistic logic, has had profound effects on a number of branches of mathematical logic, from set theory and model theory to constructive and categorical logic. Here, I argue that forcing also has a place in traditional Hilbert-style proof theory, where the goal is to formalize portions of ordinary mathematics in restricted axiomatic theories, and study those theories in constructive or syntactic terms. I will discuss the aspects of forcing that are useful in this respect, and some sample applications. The latter include ways of obtaining conservation results for classical and intuitionistic theories, interpreting classical theories in constructive ones, and constructivizing model-theoretic arguments.?1. Introduction. In 1963, Paul Cohen introduced the method of forcing to prove the independence of both the axiom of choice and the continuum hypothesis from Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory. It was not long before Saul Kripke noted a connection between forcing and his semantics for modal and

Abstract. It was shown by Cholak, Jockusch, and Slaman that every computable 2-coloring of pairs admits an infinite low2 homogeneous set H. We answer a question of the same authors by showing that H may be chosen to satisfy in addition C ̸≤T H, where C is a given noncomputable set. This is shown by analyzing a new and simplified proof of Seetapun’s cone avoidance theorem for Ramsey’s theorem. We then extend the result to show that every computable 2-coloring of pairs admits a pair of low2 infinite homogeneous sets whose degrees form a minimal pair. 1.