In this letter we propose a facGE feature extracA-W tecracA whic utilizes polynomial clynomial derived from 2D DiscHWE Cosine Transform (DCT)cT)2:EEB8 obtained from horizontally and vertic:2) neighbouringblochb Fac authenticing2 results on the VidTIMIT database suggest that the proposed feature set is superior (in terms of robustness to illuminationclumin anddiscAB:2)AH8# ability) to features extracs2 using four popular methods: Princs:2 Component Analysis (PCA), PCA with histogram equalizationpre-procion2AB 2D DCT and 2D Gabor wavelets; the results also suggest that histogram equalizationpre-procion2A inc-proc the error rate and o#ers no help against illuminationcuminat Moreover, the proposed feature set is over 80 times faster toc2GWW# than features based on Gabor wavelets. Further experiments on the Weizmann database also show that the proposed approac is more robust than 2D Gabor wavelets and 2D DCT coefficients.

Retinotopic sampling and the Gabor decomposition have a well established role in computer vision in general as well as in face authentication. The concept of Retinal Vision we introduce aims at complementing these biologically inspired tools with models of higher-order visual process, specifically the Human Saccadic System. We discuss the Saccadic Search strategy, a general purpose attentional mechanism that identifies semantically meaningful structures in images by performing "jumps" (saccades) between relevant locations. Saccade planning relies on a-priori knowledge encoded by SVM classifiers. The raw visual input is analysed by means of a log-polar retinotopic sensor, whose receptive elds consist in a vector of modified Gabor filters designed in the log-polar frequency plane. Applicability to complex cognitive tasks is demonstrated by facial landmark detection and authentication experiments over the M2VTS and Extended M2VTS (XM2VTS) databases.

AbstractÐThe automatic recognition of human faces presents a significant challenge to the pattern recognition research community. Typically, human faces are very similar in structure with minor differences from person to person. They are actually within one class of ªhuman face.º Furthermore, lighting condition changes, facial expressions, and pose variations further complicate the face recognition task as one of the difficult problems in pattern analysis. This paper proposed a novel concept, ªfaces can be recognized using line edge map.º A compact face feature, Line Edge Map (LEM), is generated for face coding and recognition. A thorough investigation on the proposed concept is conducted which covers all aspects on human face recognition, i.e., face recognition, under 1) controlled/ideal condition and size variation, 2) varying lighting condition, 3) varying facial expression, and 4) varying pose. The system performances are also compared with the eigenface method, one of the best face recognition techniques, and reported experimental results of other methods. A face prefiltering technique is proposed to speed up the searching process. It is a very encouraging finding that the proposed face recognition technique has performed superior to the eigenface method in most of the comparison experiments. This research demonstrates that LEM together with the proposed generic line segment Hausdorff distance measure provide a new way for face coding and recognition. Index TermsÐFace recognition, line edge map, line segment Hausdorff distance, structural information. 1

this article, we outline the state-of-the-art of several popular biometric modalities and technologies and provide specific applications where biometric recognition may be beneficially incorporated. In addition, we discuss integration strategies of biometric authentication technologies into DRM systems so that the whole process meets the needs and requirements of consumers, content providers, and payment brokers, securing delivery channels and contents

Identity verification systems are an important part of our every day life. A typical example is the Automatic Teller Machine (ATM) which employs a simple identity verification scheme: the user is asked to enter their secret password after inserting their ATM card; if the password matches the one prescribed to the card, the user is allowed access to their bank account. This scheme suffers from a major drawback: only the validity of the combination of a certain possession (the ATM card) and certain knowledge (the password) is verified. The ATM card can be lost or stolen, and the password can be compromised. Thus new verification methods have emerged, where the password has either been replaced by, or used in addition to, biometrics such as the person's speech, face image or fingerprints. Apart from the ATM example described above, biometrics can be applied to other areas, such as telephone & internet based banking, airline reservations & check-in, as well as forensic work and law enforcement applications. Biometric systems

It has been previously demonstrated that systems based on local features and relatively complex statistical models, namely, one-dimensional (1-D) hidden Markov models (HMMs) and pseudo-two-dimensional (2-D) HMMs, are suitable for face recognition. Recently, a simpler statistical model, namely, the Gaussian mixture model (GMM), was also shown to perform well. In much of the literature devoted to these models, the experiments were performed with controlled images (manual face localization, controlled lighting, background, pose, etc). However, a practical recognition system has to be robust to more challenging conditions. In this article we evaluate, on the relatively difficult BANCA database, the performance, robustness and complexity of GMM and HMM-based approaches, using both manual and automatic face localization. We extend the GMM approach through the use of local features with embedded positional information, increasing performance without sacrificing its low complexity. Furthermore, we show that the traditionally used maximum likelihood (ML) training approach has problems estimating robust model parameters when there is only a few training images available. Considerably more precise models can be obtained through the use of Maximum a posteriori probability (MAP) training. We also show that face recognition techniques which obtain good performance on manually located faces do not necessarily obtain good performance on automatically located faces, indicating that recognition techniques must be designed from the ground up to handle imperfect localization. Finally, we show that while the pseudo-2-D HMM approach has the best overall performance, authentication time on current hardware makes it impractical. The best tradeoff in terms of authentication ...

A technique evaluating liveness in short face image sequences is presented. The intended purpose of the proposed system is to assist in a biometric authentication framework, by adding liveness awareness in a non-intrusive manner. Analysing the trajectories of single parts of a live face reveal valuable information to discriminate it against a spoofed one. The proposed system uses a lightweight novel optical flow, which is especially applicable in face motion estimation based on the structure tensor and a few frames. It uses a model-based local Gabor decomposition and SVM experts for face part detection. An alternative approach for face part detection using optical flow pattern matching is introduced as well. Experimental results on the proposed system are presented.

A system that combines real-time face tracking as well as the localization of facial landmarks in order to improve the authenticity of fingerprint recognition is introduced. The intended purpose of this application is to assist in securing public areas and individuals, in addition to enforce that the collected sensor data in a multi modal person authentication system originate from present persons, i.e. the system is not under a so called play back attack. Facial features are extracted with the help of Gabor filters and classified by SVM experts. For real-time performance, selected points from a retinotopic grid are used to form regional face models. Additionally only a subset of the Gabor decomposition is used for different face regions. The second modality presented is texture-based fingerprint recognition, exploiting linear symmetry. Experimental results on the proposed system are presented. Keywords--- face tracking; Multi modal person authenticaion; Biometric identity authentication; Support Vector Machines; Gabor decomposition; Log-polar sampling; Fingerprint recognition.

Biometrics is an emerging topic in the field of signal processing. While enabling technologies (e.g. audio, video) for biometrics have mostly used separately, ultimately, biometric technologies could find their strongest role as interwined and complementary pieces of a multi-modal authentication system. In this paper, a short overview of voice, fingerprint, and face authentication algorithms is provided. 1.

In this report we extend the recently proposed DCT-mod2 feature extraction technique (which utilizes polynomial coefficients derived from 2D DCT coefficients obtained from horizontally & vertically neighbouring blocks) via the use of various windows and diagonally neighbouring blocks. We also evaluate enhanced PCA, where traditional PCA feature extraction is combined with DCT-mod2. Results using test images corrupted by a linear and a non-linear illumination change, white Gaussian noise and compression artefacts, show that use of diagonally neighbouring blocks and windowing is detrimental to robustness against illumination changes while being useful for increasing robustness against white noise and compression artefacts. We also show that the enhanced PCA technique retains all the positive aspects of traditional PCA (that is robustness against white noise and compression artefacts) while also being robust to illumination direction changes; moreover, enhanced PCA outperforms PCA with histogram equalisation pre-processing.