Information technology (IT) acceptance research has yielded many competing models, each with different sets of acceptance determinants. In this paper, we (1) review user acceptance literature and discuss eight prominent models, (2) empirically compare the eight models and their extensions, (3) formulate a unified model that integrates elements across the eight models, and (4) empirically validate the unified model. The eight models reviewed are the theory of reasoned action, the technology acceptance model, the motivational model, the theory of planned behavior, a model combining the technology acceptance model and the theory of planned behavior, the model of PC utilization, the innovation diffusion theory, and the social cognitive theory. Using data from four organizations over a six-month period with three points of measurement, the eight models explained between 17 percent and 53 percent of the variance in user intentions to use information technology. Next, a unified model, called the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT), was formulated, with four core determinants of intention and usage, and up to four moderators of key relationships. UTAUT was then tested using the original data and found to outperform the eight individual models (adjusted R 2 of 69 percent). UTAUT was then confirmed with data from two new organizations with similar

In recent years, several organizations have implemented non-mandatory information and communication systems that escape the conventional behavioral logic of understanding acceptance and usage from a normative perspective of compliance with the beliefs of others. Because voluntary systems require users' volitional behavior, researchers have traced recent implementation failures to a lack of user commitment. However, gaps in our understanding of volitional usage behavior and user commitment have made it difficult to advance theory, research, and practice on this issue. To validate a proposed research model, cross-sectional, between-subjects, and within-subjects field data were collected from 714 users at the time of initial adoption and after six months of extended use. The model explained between 44.1% and 58.5% of the variance in adoption and usage behavior based upon direct effects of user commitment. Findings suggest that user commitment plays a critical role in the volitional acceptance and usage of such systems. Affective commitment, i.e., internalization and identification based upon personal norms, exhibits a sustained positive influence on usage behavior. In contrast, continuance commitment, i.e., compliance based upon social norms, shows a sustained negative influence from initial adoption to extended use. Theory development based upon Kelman's social influence framework offers new empirical insights about system users' commitment and how it affects volitional usage behavior.

Internet banking is an information intensive business and becomes a major trend in the financial marketplace. It is important to understand what factors will impact the actual use of internet banking. Therefore, this paper is aimed at analyzing the determinants of internet banking usage behavior in Korea. This study compares two models that predict an individual’s intention: Theory of Reasoned Action(TRA) and Theory of Planned Behavior(TPB). The results show that internet banking users ’ attitude and their perceived behavioral control play a vital role in influencing the behavioral intention of internet banking. However, intention is not formed by users ’ subjective norm in both TRA and TPB. In addition, attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control is, in turn, influenced by attitudinal belief structures, normative belief structures, control belief structures, respectively. Both TRA and TPB predict behavioral intention to use the internet banking quite well, with TPB having a slight empirical advantage. 1.

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* The first two authors contributed equally to the realization of this manuscript. The authors would like to thank the Institute for the Study of Business Markets (ISBM), Pennsylvania State University for its excellent financial and academic support of this study.

Organizational innovation adoption has received increasing attention in the marketing and management literature over the past two decades. Insight in adoption processes, its inhibitors and stimulators helps suppliers of innovations to market their new products more effectively. The objective of this paper is to discuss main findings on organizational adoption and integrate them within a framework. The framework that we propose addresses the adoption decision at two levels, i.e. the organizational level and the level of the individual adopter within an organization. Thus, we aim to contribute to an integration of two streams of research on innovation adoption or technology acceptance that have emerged in the marketing and management literature. Based on our discussion, we tentatively identify several issues in innovation adoption research that we feel need attention in future research.

Ph.D. from the University of Pittsburgh. Dr. Malhotra has taught and lectured as invited

In the history of adoption research, subjective norm mostly remains as the unloved child, being significant in this analysis and not significant in that analysis. Already Davis et al. had to exclude subjective norm of the Technology Acceptance Model due to theoretical and measurement problems. Overall the results of subjective norm as an antecedent for behavioral intention in IS research are quite mixed up. Within this work we follow the approach of social psychology researchers who controversially discuss Fishbein’s subjective norm and provide an alternative to measure social influence and especially normative beliefs for individual adoption research. We extend this alternative and suggest a multilayer-framework for