Unsolicited bulk e-mail (spam) is a growing problem with tangible costs felt by virtually every Internet user. There are many solutions to this problem, ranging from simple blacklisting to advanced text classification and collaborative filtering. None of these techniques provides a total solution, but new technologies and their application offer increasingly effective filters. This paper provides an overview and comparison of the advanced spam filtering techniques that classify messages based on their content. This includes statistical classifiers, collaborative filters and combinations of different classifiers. 1

I would like to thank my friends and colleagues from the University of the Aegean, for giving me the opportunity to work at an area I enjoy. I would also like to thank the State Foundation for Scholarships for providing me with financial support for my postgraduate studies; it has been much appreciated. Also, I would like to thank my supervisor, Prof. Chris Mitchell, for his support on my MSc dissertation. Finally, I would like to thank my family for helping me get there. On the Dissemination of Certificate Status Information Ioannis Iliadis- RHBNC, University of London There has been an increasing interest in the deployment of Public Key Infrastructures, the past few years. Security issues emerge from the operation of Certification Authorities, as well as the operation of other PKI- related security service providers. Most of them have been addressed and efficient solutions have been found. One of the areas which has to be studied further is the generation and dissemination of information regarding the status of a digital certificate.

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The EU Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS) is a key instrument in European climate policy. Evidence from the first trading period (2005-2007) and the first year of the Kyoto period 2008 dampened, however, ex-ante enthusiasm: Because of substantial over-allocation of emissions allowances in the first trading period the overall emissions cap was not stringent which caused a sharp drop in carbon prices. In 2008 a more stringent cap but still high price volatility was observed. Based on experience from the first years of the EU ETS the design of the EU ETS will be changed for the post-Kyoto period (2013- 2020) including an EU-wide cap and the use of auctioning as the main allocation principle. So far, no measures to control price volatility are envisaged. This issue however gains in importance in the political and economic debate as prices are an important signal for investment decisions. More or less stable price signals are essential for the environmental effectiveness of an emissions trading scheme. As evidence shows, this is not necessarily guaranteed by the market process. Based on an analysis of the first trading years the paper provides an argumentation for the implementation of price stabilisation measures in the post-Kyoto period.

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Financial institutions are increasingly linked internationally. As a result, financial crisis and government intervention have stronger effects beyond borders. We provide a model of international contagion allowing for bank bailouts. While a social planner trades off tax distortions, liquidation losses and intra- and intercountry income inequality, in the noncooperative game between governments there are inefficiencies due to externalities, no burden sharing and free- riding. We show that, in absence of cooperation, stronger interbank linkages make government interests diverge, whereas cross-border asset holdings tend to align them. We analyze different forms of cooperation and their effects on global and national welfare.

Background Paper of the Workshop “Towards an Intellectual Property Rights Strategy for

Edited by Iain Shepherd, 2000 EUR 19554 ENThis paper gathers together contributions from a number of JRC staff. The editor accepts responsibility for the overall contents of the paper and the emphasis given to certain aspects of the vast subject of "science and governance in the EU". The paper does not represent the official position of the European Commission. CONTENTS SUMMARY......................................................................................................................................................................................1

against large-scale cyber-attacks

Barbara Vandeweghe (IDEA) This IZA Research Report is based on a study conducted for the European Parliament under contract IP/A/EMPL/FWC/2008-002/C1/SC1. Copyright remains with the European Parliament. Link to the original study: