In order to define models of simply typed functional programming languages being closer to the operational semantics of these languages, the notions of sequentiality, stability and seriality were introduced. These works originated from the definability problem for PCF, posed in [Sco72], and the full abstraction problem for PCF, raised in [Plo77]. The presented computation model, forming the class of hereditarily sequential functionals, is based on a game in which each play describes the interaction between a functional and its arguments during a computation. This approach is influenced by the work of Kleene [Kle78], Gandy [Gan67], Kahn and Plotkin [KP78], Berry and Curien [BC82, Cur86, Cur92], and Cartwright and Felleisen [CF92]. We characterize the computable elements in this model in two different ways: (a) by recursiveness requirements for the game, and (b) as definability with the schemata (S1)-- (S8), (S11), which is related to definability in PCF. It turns out that both definitio...

Contents 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338 2. The Dialectica interpretation of arithmetic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341 3. Consequences and benefits of the interpretation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351 4. Models of T , type structures, and normalizability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356 5. The interpretation of fragments of arithmetic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362 6. The interpretation of analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365 7. Conservation results for weak Konig's lemma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371 8. Non-constructive interpretations and applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377 9. The interpretation of theories of ordinals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .<F11.9

Introduction SAMSON ABRAMSKY (samson@comlab.ox.ac.uk) Oxford University Computing Laboratory 1. Introduction Game Semantics has emerged as a powerful paradigm for giving semantics to a variety of programming languages and logical systems. It has been used to construct the first syntax-independent fully abstract models for a spectrum of programming languages ranging from purely functional languages to languages with non-functional features such as control operators and locally-scoped references [4, 21, 5, 19, 2, 22, 17, 11]. A substantial survey of the state of the art of Game Semantics circa 1997 was given in a previous Marktoberdorf volume [6]. Our aim in this tutorial presentation is to give a first indication of how Game Semantics can be developed in a new, algorithmic direction, with a view to applications in computer-assisted verification and program analysis. Some promising steps have already been taken in this

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Stephen A. Cook and Bruce M. Kapron Department of Computer Science University of Toronto Toronto, Canada M5S 1A4 1 Introduction Functionals are functions which take natural numbers and other functionals as arguments and return natural numbers as values. The class of "feasible" functionals of finite type was introduced in [6] via the typed lambda calculus, and used to interpret certain formal systems of arithmetic: systems capturing the notion of "feasibly constructive proof" (we equate feasibility with polynomial time computability) . Here we name the functionals of [6] the basic feasible functionals and justify the designation by presenting results which include two programming style characterizations of the class. We also give examples of both feasible and infeasible functionals, and argue that the notion plays a natural role in complexity theory. Type 2 functionals take numbers and ordinary numerical functions as arguments. When these argument functions are 0-1 valued (i.e. sets) ...

This paper is the first one in a sequel of papers resulting from the authors Habilitationsschrift [22] which are devoted to determine the growth in proofs of standard parts of analysis. A hierarchy (GnA # )n#I N of systems of arithmetic in all finite types is introduced whose definable objects of type 1 = 0(0) correspond to the Grzegorczyk hierarchy of primitive recursive functions. We establish the following extraction rule for an extension of GnA # by quantifier--free choice AC--qf and analytical axioms # having the form #x # #y ## sx#z # F0 (including also a `non-- standard' axiom F - which does not hold in the full set--theoretic model but in the strongly majorizable functionals): From a proof GnA # +AC--qf + # # #u 1 , k 0 #v ## tuk#w 0 A0(u, k, v, w) one can extract a uniform bound # such that #u 1 , k 0 #v ## tuk#w # #ukA0 (u, k, v, w) holds in the full set--theoretic type structure. In case n = 2 (resp. n = 3) #uk is a polynomial (resp. an elementary recursive function) in k, u M := #x. max(u0, . . . , ux). In the present paper we show that for n # 2, GnA # +AC--qf+F - proves a generalization of the binary Knig's lemma yielding new conservation results since the conclusion of the above rule can be verified in G max(3,n) A # in this case. In a subsequent paper we will show that many important ine#ective analytical principles and theorems can be proved already in G2A # +AC--qf+# for suitable #. 1

We consider the informal concept of “computability” or “effective calculability” and two of the formalisms commonly used to define it, “(Turing) computability” and “(general) recursiveness.” We consider their origin, exact technical definition, concepts, history, general English meanings, how they became fixed in their present roles, how they were first and are now used, their impact on nonspecialists, how their use will affect the future content of the subject of computability theory, and its connection to other related areas. After a careful historical and conceptual analysis of computability and recursion we make several recommendations in section §7 about preserving the intensional differences between the concepts of “computability” and “recursion.” Specifically we recommend that: the term “recursive ” should no longer carry the additional meaning of “computable” or “decidable;” functions defined using Turing machines, register machines, or their variants should be called “computable” rather than “recursive;” we should distinguish the intensional difference between Church’s Thesis and Turing’s Thesis, and use the latter particularly in dealing with mechanistic questions; the name of the subject should be “Computability Theory” or simply Computability rather than

This course introduces the operational and denotational semantics of PCF and examines the relationship between the two. Topics: Syntax and operational semantics of PCF, Activity Lemma, undefinability of parallel or; Context Lemma (first principles proof) and proof by logical relations Denotational semantics of PCF induced by an interpretation; (standard) Scott model, adequacy, weak adequacy and its proof (by a computability predicate) Domain Theory up to SFP and Scott domains; non full abstraction of the standard model, definability of compact elements and full abstraction for PCFP (PCF + parallel or), properties of order-extensional (continuous) models of PCF, Milner's model and Mulmuley's construction (excluding proofs) Additional topics (time permitting): results on pure simply-typed lambda calculus, Friedman 's Completeness Theorem, minimal model, logical relations and definability, undecidability of lambda definability (excluding proof), dI-domains and stable functions Homepa...

It is shown that the type structure of finite-type functionals associated to a combinatory algebra of partial functions from IN to IN (in the same way as the type structure of the countable functionals is associated to the partial combinatory algebra of total functions from IN to IN), is isomorphic to the type structure generated by object N (the flat domain on the natural numbers) in Ehrhard's category of "dI-domains with coherence", or his "hypercoherences". AMS Subject Classification: Primary 03D65, 68Q55 Secondary 03B40, 03B70, 03D45, 06B35 Introduction PCF , "Godel's T with unlimited recursion", was defined in Plotkin's paper [16]. It is a simply typed -calculus with a type o for integers and constants for basic arithmetical operations, definition by cases and fixed point recursion. More importantly, there is a special reduction relation attached to it which ensures (by Plotkin's "Activity Lemma") that all PCF -definable higher-type functionals have a sequential, i.e. non-paral...

The theory of computability, or basic recursive function theory as it is often called, is usually motivated and developed using Church's Thesis. Here we show that there is an alternative computability theory in which some of the basic results on unsolvability become more absolute, results on completeness become simpler, and many of the central concepts become more abstract. In this approach computations are viewed as mathematical objects, and the major theorems in recursion theory may be classified according to which axioms about computation are needed to prove them. The theory is a typed theory of functions over the natural numbers, and there are unsolvable problems in this setting independent of the existence of indexings. The unsolvability results are interpreted to show that the partial function concept, so important in computer science, serves to distinguish between classical and constructive type theories (in a different way than does the decidability concept as expressed in the ...