We investigate the properties of a simple programming language whose main computational engine is structural recursion on sets. We describe a progression of sublanguages in this paradigm that (1) have increasing expressive power, and (2) illustrate robust conceptual restrictions thus exhibiting interesting additional properties. These properties suggest that we consider our sublanguages as candidates for "query languages". Viewing query languages as restrictions of our more general programming language has several advantages. First, there is no "impedance mismatch" problem; the query languages are already there, so they share common semantic foundation with the general language. Second, we suggest a uniform characterization of nested relational and complex-object algebras in terms of some surprisingly simple operators; and we can make comparisons of expressiveness in a general framework. Third, we exhibit differences in expressive power that are not always based on complexity arguments...

Bags, i.e. sets with duplicates, are often used to implement relations in database systems. In this paper, we study the expressive power of algebras for manipulating bags. The algebra we present is a simple extension of the nested relation algebra. Our aim is to investigate how the use of bags in the language extends its expressive power, and increases its complexity. We consider two main issues, namely (i) the impact of the depth of bag nesting on the expressive power, and (ii) the complexity and the expressive power induced by the algebraic operations. We show that the bag algebra is more expressive than the nested relation algebra (at all levels of nesting), and that the difference may be subtle. We establish a hierarchy based on the structure of algebra expressions. This hierarchy is shown to be highly related to the properties of the powerset operator. Invited to a special issue of the Journal of Computer and System Sciences selected from ACM Princ. of Database Systems,...

Strong normalization results are obtained for a general language for collection types. An induced normal form for sets and bags is then used to show that the class of functions whose input has height (that is, the maximal depth of nestings of sets/bags/lists in the complex object) at most i and output has height at most o definable in a nested relational query language without powerset operator is independent of the height of intermediate expressions used. Our proof holds regardless of whether the language is used for querying sets, bags, or lists, even in the presence of variant types. Moreover, the normal forms are useful in a general approach to query optimization. Paredaens and Van Gucht proved a similar result for the special case when i = o = 1. Their result is complemented by Hull and Su who demonstrated the failure of independence when powerset operator is present and i = o = 1. The theorem of Hull and Su was generalized to all i and o by Grumbach and Vianu. Our result genera...

We provide new techniques for the analysis of the expressive power of query languages for nested collections. These languages may use set or bag semantics and may be further complicated by the presence of aggregate functions. We exhibit certain classes of graphs and prove that the properties of these graphs that can be tested in such languages are either finite or cofinite. This result settles the conjectures of Grumbach, Milo, and Paredaens that parity test, transitive closure, and balanced binary tree test are not expressible in bag languages like the PTIME fragment of BALG of Grumbach and Milo and BQL of Libkin and Wong. Moreover, it implies that many recursive queries, including simple ones like the test for a chain, cannot be expressed in a nested relational language even when aggregate functions are available. In an attempt to generalize the finite-cofiniteness result, we study the bounded degree property which says that the number of distinct in- and out-degrees in the output of...

. This document proposes an algebra for XML Query. The algebra has been submitted to the W3C XML Query Working Group. A novel feature of the algebra is the use of regular-expression types, similar in power to DTDs or XML Schemas, and closely related to Hasoya and Pierce's work on Xduce. The iteration construct is based on the notion of a monad, and involves novel typing rules not encountered elsewhere. 1 Introduction This document proposes an algebra for XML Query. This work builds on long standing traditions in the database community. In particular, we have been inspired by systems such as SQL, OQL, and nested relational algebra (NRA). We have also been inspired by systems such as Quilt, UnQL, XDuce, XML-QL, XPath, XQL, XSLT, and YATL. We give citations for all these systems below. In the database world, it is common to translate a query language into an algebra; this happens in SQL, OQL, and NRA, among others. The purpose of the algebra is twofold. First, the algebra is used to give...

We address the problem of query containment and query equivalence for complex objects. We show that for a certain conjunctive query language for complex objects, query containment and weak query equivalence are decidable. Our results have two consequences. First, when the answers of the two queries are guaranteed not to contain empty sets, then weak equivalence coincides with equivalence, and our result answers partially an open problem about the equivalence of nest; unnest queries for complex objects [GPG90]. Second, we derive an NP-complete algorithm for checking the equivalence of certain conjunctive queries with grouping and aggregates. Our results rely on a translation of the containment and equivalence conditions for complex objects into novel conditions on conjunctive queries, which we call simulation and strong simulation. These conditions are more complex than containment of conjunctive queries, because they involve arbitrary numbers of quantifier alternations. We prove that c...

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. This document proposes an algebra for XML Query. The algebra has been submitted to the W3C XML Query Working Group. A novel feature of the algebra is the use of regular-expression types, similar in power to DTDs or XML Schemas, and closely related to Hasoya, Pierce, and Vouillon's work on Xduce. The iteration construct involves novel typing rules not encountered elsewhere (even in Xduce). 1 Introduction This document proposes an algebra for XML Query. This work builds on long standing traditions in the database community. In particular, we have been inspired by systems such as SQL, OQL, and nested relational algebra (NRA). We have also been inspired by systems such as Quilt, UnQL, XDuce, XML-QL, XPath, XQL, and YATL. We give citations for all these systems below. In the database world, it is common to translate a query language into an algebra; this happens in SQL, OQL, and NRA, among others. The purpose of the algebra is twofold. First, the algebra is used to give a semantics for t...

XML has become an important medium for data exchange, and is also used as an interface to -- i.e. a view of -- a relational database. While previous work has considered XML views for the purpose of querying relational databases (e.g. Silkroute), in this paper we consider the problem of updating a relational database through an XML view. Using the nested relational algebra as the formalism for an XML view of a relational database, we study the problem of when such views are updatable. Our results rely on the observation that in many XML views of relational databases, the nest operator occurs last and the unnest operator does not occur at all. Since in this case the nest operator is invertible, we can consider this important class of XML views as if they were flat relational views.

. We investigate and compare two forms of recursion on sets for querying nested collections. The first one is called sri and it corresponds to sequential processing of data. The second one is called sru and it corresponds to data-parallel processing. A uniform first-order translation from sru into sri was known from previous work. The converse translation is by necessity more difficult and we have obtained three main results concerning it. First, we exhibit a uniform translation of sri queries into sru queries over the nested relational algebra. We observe that this translation maps PTIME algorithms into exponential-space queries. The second result proves that any uniform translation of sri queries into sru queries over the nested relational algebra must map some PTIME queries into exponential-space ones. In fact, in the presence of certain external functions, we provide a PTIME sri query for which any equivalent sru query requires exponential space. Thus, as a mechanism for implemen...