Recent computational advances have made it feasible to fit hierarchical models in a wide range of serious applications. If one entertains a collection of such models for a given data set, the problems of model adequacy and model choice arise. We focus on the former. While model checking usually addresses the entire model specification, model failures can occur at each hierarchical stage. Such failures include outliers, mean structure errors, dispersion misspecification, and inappropriate exchangeabilities. We propose another approach which is entirely simulation based. It only requires the model specification and that, for a given data set, one be able to simulate draws from the posterior under the model. By replicating a posterior of interest using data obtained under the model we can "see" the extent of variability in such a posterior. Then, we can compare the posterior obtained under the observed data with this medley of posterior replicates to ascertain whether the former is in agr...

Invalid voting and electoral absenteeism are two important sources of abstention in compulsory voting systems. Previous studies in this area have not considered the correlation between both variables and ignored the compositional nature of the data, potentially leading to unfeasible results and discarding helpful information from an inferential standpoint. In order to overcome these problems, this paper develops a statistical model that accounts for the compositional and hierarchical structure of the data and addresses robustness concerns raised by the use of small samples that are typical in the literature. The model is applied to analyze invalid voting and electoral absenteeism in Brazilian legislative elections between 1945 and 2006 via MCMC simulations. The results show considerable differences in the determinants of both forms of non-voting: while invalid voting was strongly positively related both to political protest and to the existence of important informational barriers to voting, the influence of these variables on absenteeism is less evident. Comparisons based on posterior simulations indicate that the model developed in this paper fits the dataset better than several alternative modeling approaches and leads to different substantive conclusions regarding the effect of different predictors on the both sources of abstention.