MLJ compiles SML'97 into verifier-compliant Java bytecodes. Its features include type-checked interlanguage working extensions which allow ML and Java code to call each other, automatic recompilation management, compact compiled code and runtime performance which, using a `just in time' compiling Java virtual machine, usually exceeds that of existing specialised bytecode interpreters for ML. Notable features of the compiler itself include whole-program optimisation based on rewriting, compilation of polymorphism by specialisation, a novel monadic intermediate...

We show how some classical static analyses for imperative programs, and the optimizing transformations which they enable, may be expressed and proved correct using elementary logical and denotational techniques. The key ingredients are an interpretation of program properties as relations, rather than predicates, and a realization that although many program analyses are traditionally formulated in very intensional terms, the associated transformations are actually enabled by more liberal extensional properties.

Context-sensitive rewriting is a simple restriction of rewriting which is formalized by imposing fixed restrictions on replacements. Such a restriction is given on a purely syntactic basis: it is (explicitly or automatically) specified on the arguments of symbols of the signature and inductively extended to arbitrary positions of terms built from those symbols. Termination is not only preserved but usually improved and several methods have been developed to formally prove it. In this paper, we investigate the definition, properties, and use of context-sensitive rewriting strategies, i.e., particular, fixed sequences of context-sensitive rewriting steps. We study how to define them in order to obtain efficient computations and to ensure that context-sensitive computations terminate whenever possible. We give conditions enabling the use of these strategies for root-normalization, normalization, and infinitary normalization. We show that this theory is suitable for formalizing ...

A tension in language design has been between simple semantics on the one hand, and rich possibilities for side-effects, exception handling and so on on the other. The introduction of monads has made a large step towards reconciling these alternatives. First proposed by Moggi as a way of structuring semantic descriptions, they were adopted by Wadler to structure Haskell programs, and now offer a general technique for delimiting the scope of effects, thus reconciling referential transparency and imperative operations within one programming language. Monads have been used to solve long-standing problems such as adding pointers and assignment, inter-language working, and exception handling to Haskell, without compromising its purely functional semantics. The course will introduce monads, effects and related notions, and exemplify their applications in programming (Haskell) and in compilation (MLj). The course will present typed metalanguages for monads and related categorica...

Models of intuitionistic linear logic also provide models of Moggi's computational metalanguage. We use the adjoint presentation of these models and the associated adjoint calculus to show that three translations, due mainly to Moggi, of the lambda calculus into the computational metalanguage (direct, call-by-name and call-by-value) correspond exactly to three translations, due mainly to Girard, of intuitionistic logic into intuitionistic linear logic. We also consider extending these results to languages with recursion. 1. Introduction Two of the most significant developments in semantics during the last decade are Girard's linear logic [10] and Moggi's computational metalanguage [14]. Any student of these formalisms will suspect that there are significant connections between the two, despite their apparent differences. The intuitionistic fragment of linear logic (ILL) may be modelled in a linear model -- a symmetric monoidal closed category with a comonad ! which satisfies some extr...

ing with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, to republish, to post on servers, or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from Publications Dept, ACM Inc., fax +1 (212) 869-0481, or permissions@acm.org. Relational Parametricity and Units of Measure Andrew J. Kennedy LIX, ' Ecole Polytechnique 91128 Palaiseau cedex, France Abstract Type systems for programming languages with numeric types can be extended to support the checking of units of measure. Quantification over units then introduces a new kind of parametric polymorphism with a corresponding Reynolds-style representation independence principle: that the behaviour of programs is invariant under changes to the units used. We prove this `dimensional invariance' result and describe four consequences. The first is that the type of an expression can be used to derive equations which describe its properties with respect to scaling (akin to Wadler's `theorems for free' for ...

We present a type-based ow analysis for simply typed lambda calculus with booleans, data-structures and recursion. The analysis is exact in the following sense: if the analysis predicts a redex, then there exists a reduction sequence (using standard reduction plus context propagation rules) such that this redex will be reduced. The precision is accomplished using intersection typing. It follows that the analysis is non-elementary recursive | more surprisingly, the analysis is decidable. We argue that the specication of such an analysis provides a good starting point for developing new ow analyses and an important benchmark against which other ow analyses can be compared. Furthermore, we believe that the techniques employed for stating and proving exactness are of independent interest: they provide methods for reasoning about the precision of program analyses. 1

Pure type systems and computational monads are two parameterized frameworks that have proved to be quite useful in both theoretical and practical applications. We join the foundational concepts of both of these to obtain monadic type systems. Essentially, monadic type systems inherit the parameterized higher-order type structure of pure type systems and the monadic term and type structure used to capture computational effects in the theory of computational monads. We demonstrate that monadic type systems nicely characterize previous work and suggest how they can support several new theoretical and practical applications. A technical foundation for monadic type systems is laid by recasting and scaling up the main results from pure type systems (confluence, subject reduction, strong normalisation for particular classes of systems, etc.) and from operational presentations of computational monads (notions of operational equivalence based on applicative similarity, co-induction proof techni...

In this paper we present two non-standard type inference systems for conjunctive strictness and totality analyses of higher-order typed functional programs and prove completeness results for both the strictness and the totality type entailment relations. We also study the interactions between strictness and totality analyses, showing that the information obtainable by a system that combines the two analyses, even though more refined than the information given by the two separate systems, cannot be effectively used. A main feature of our approach is that all the results are proved by relying directly on the operational semantics of the programming language considered. This leads to a rather direct presentation which involves relatively little mathematical overhead.

In this paper we extend, by allowing rank 2 intersection types, the type assignment system for the detection and elimination of dead code in typed functional programs presented by Coppo et al Giannini and the rst author in the Static Analysis Symposium '96. The main application of this method is the optimization of programs extracted from proofs in logical frameworks, but it could be used as well in the elimination of dead code determined by program specialization. This system rely on annotated types which allow to exploit the type structure of the language for the investigation of program properties. The detection of dead code is obtained via annotated type inference, which canbe performed in a complete way, by reducing it to the solution of a system of inequalities between annotation variables. Even though the language considered in the paper is the simply typed-calculus with cartesian product, if-then-else, xpoint, and arithmetic constants we can generalize our approach to polymorphic languages like Miranda, Haskell, and CAML.