This paper provides conditions and procedures for deciding if patterns of independencies found in covariance and concentration matrices can be generated by a stepwise recursive process represented by some directed acyclic graph. If such an agreement is found, we know that one or several causal processes could be responsible for the observed independencies, and our procedures could then be used to elucidate the graphical structure common to these processes, so as to evaluate their compatibility against substantive knowledge of the domain. If we find that the observed pattern of independencies does not agree with any stepwise recursive process, then there are a number of different possibilities. For instance, -- some weak dependencies could have been mistaken for independencies and led to the wrong omission of edges from the covariance or concentration graphs. -- some of the observed linear dependencies reflect accidental cancellations or hide actual nonlinear relations, or -- the process responsible for the data is non-recursive, involving aggregated variables, simultenous reciprocal interactions, or mixtures of several causal processes. In order to recognize accidental independencies it would be helpful to conduct several longitudinal studies under slightly varying conditions. In such studies the covariances for the same set of variables is estimated under different conditions and the variations in the conditions would typically affect the numerical values of the parameters. But, if the data were generated by a causal process represented by some directed acyclic graph, then the basic structural properties reflected in the missing edges of that graph should remain unchanged. Under such assumptions, the pattern of independencies that is "implied" by the dag (see Definitio...

Missing data is a common occurrence in most medical research data collection enterprises. There is an extensive literature concerning missing data, much of which has focused on missing outcomes. Covariates in regression models are often missing, particularly if information is being collected from multiple sources. The method of weights is an implementation of the EM algorithm 8 for general maximum-likelihood analysis of regression models, including generalized linear models 32 (GLMs) with incomplete covariates. In this paper, we will describe the method of weights in detail, illustrate its application with several examples, discuss its advantages and limitations, and review extensions and applications of the method.