Abstract. Keller introduced a notion of quotient of a differential graded category modulo a full differential graded subcategory which agrees with Verdier’s notion of quotient of a triangulated category modulo a triangulated subcategory. This work is an attempt to further develop his theory.

We consider certain categorical structures that are implicit in subfactor theory. Making the connection between subfactor theory (at finite index) and category theory explicit sheds light on both subjects. Furthermore, it allows various generalizations of these structures, e.g. to arbitrary ground fields, and the proof of new results about topological invariants in three dimensions. The central notion is that of a Frobenius algebra in a tensor category A, which reduces to the classical notion if A = F-Vect, where F is a field. An object X ∈ A with two-sided dual X gives rise to a Frobenius algebra in A, and under weak additional conditions we prove a converse: There exists a bicategory E with ObjE = {A, B} such that EndE(A) ⊗ ≃ A and such that there are J, J: B ⇋ A producing the given Frobenius algebra. Many properties (additivity, sphericity, semisimplicity,...) of A carry over to the bicategory E. We define weak monoidal Morita equivalence of tensor categories, denoted A ≈ B, and establish a correspondence between Frobenius algebras in A and tensor categories B ≈ A. While considerably weaker than equivalence of tensor categories, weak monoidal Morita equivalence A ≈ B has remarkable consequences: A and B have equivalent (as braided tensor categories) quantum doubles (‘centers’) and (if A, B are semisimple spherical or ∗-categories) have equal dimensions and give rise the same state sum invariant of closed oriented 3-manifolds as recently defined by Barrett and Westbury. An instructive example is provided by finite dimensional semisimple and cosemisimple Hopf algebras, for which we prove H − mod ≈ ˆH − mod. The present formalism permits a fairly complete analysis of the center of a semisimple spherical category, which is the subject of the companion paper math.CT/0111205. 1

To a bicategory B (in the sense of Benabou) we assign a simplicial set Ner(B), the (geometric) nerve of B, which completely encodes the structure of B as a bicategory. As a simplicial set Ner(B) is a subcomplex of its 2-Coskeleton and itself isomorphic to its 3-Coskeleton, what we call a 2-dimensional Postnikov complex. We then give, somewhat more delicately, a complete characterization of those simplicial sets which are the nerves of bicategories as certain 2-dimensional Postnikov complexes which satisfy certain restricted "exact horn-lifting" conditions whose satisfaction is controlled by (and here defines) subsets of (abstractly) invertible 2 and 1-simplices. Those complexes which have, at minimum, their degenerate 2-simplices always invertible and have an invertible 2-simplex # 1 2 (x 12 , x 01 ) present for each "composable pair" (x 12 , , x 01 ) # # 1 2 are exactly the nerves of bicategories. At the other extreme, where all 2 and 1-simplices are invertible, are those Kan complexes in which the Kan conditions are satisfied exactly in all dimensions > 2. These are exactly the nerves of bigroupoids -- all 2-cells are isomorphisms and all 1-cells are equivalences. Contents

The purpose of this paper is to work out the categorical basis for the foundations of Conformal Field Theory. The definition of Conformal Field Theory was outlined in Segal [45] and recently given in [24] and [25]. Concepts of 2-category theory, such as versions of algebra, limit, colimit, and adjunction, are necessary for this

We analyse two complementary methods for obtaining models of typed process calculi, in the form of interaction categories. These methods allow adding new features to previously captured notions of process and of type, respectively. By combining them, all familiar examples of interaction categories, as well as some new ones, can be built starting from some simple familiar categories. Using the presented constructions, interaction categories can be analysed without fixing a set of axioms, merely in terms of the way in which they are specified --- just like algebras are analysed in terms of equations and relations, independently on abstract characterisations of their varieties.

. Given a bicategory, Y , with stable local coequalizers, we construct a bicategory of monads Y -mnd by using lax functors from the generic 0-cell, 1-cell and 2-cell, respectively, into Y . Any lax functor into Y factors through Y -mnd and the 1-cells turn out to be the familiar bimodules. The locally ordered bicategory rel and its bicategory of monads both fail to be Cauchy-complete, but have a well-known Cauchycompletion in common. This prompts us to formulate a concept of Cauchy-completeness for bicategories that are not locally ordered and suggests a weakening of the notion of monad. For this purpose, we develop a calculus of general modules between unstructured endo-1-cells. These behave well with respect to composition, but in general fail to have identities. To overcome this problem, we do not need to impose the full structure of a monad on endo-1-cells. We show that associative coequalizing multiplications suffice and call the resulting structures interpolads. Together with str...

A category may bear many monoidal structures, but (to within a unique isomorphism) only one structure of "category with finite products". To capture such distinctions, we consider on a 2-category those 2-monads for which algebra structure is essentially unique if it exists, giving a precise mathematical definition of "essentially unique" and investigating its consequences. We call such 2-monads property-like. We further consider the more restricted class of fully property-like 2-monads, consisting of those property-like 2-monads for which all 2-cells between (even lax) algebra morphisms are algebra 2-cells. The consideration of lax morphisms leads us to a new characterization of those monads, studied by Kock and Zoberlein, for which "structure is adjoint to unit", and which we now call lax-idempotent 2-monads: both these and their colax-idempotent duals are fully property-like. We end by showing that (at least for finitary 2-monads) the classes of property-likes, fully property-like...

In categorical proof theory, propositions and proofs are presented as objects and arrows in a category. It thus embodies the strong constructivist paradigms of propositions-as-types and proofs-as-constructions, which lie in the foundation of computational logic. Moreover, in the categorical setting, a third paradigm arises, not available elsewhere: logical-operations-as-adjunctions. It offers an answer to the notorious question of the equality of proofs. So we chase diagrams in algebra of proofs. On the basis of these ideas, the present paper investigates proof theory of regular logic: the f; 9g-fragment of the first order logic with equality. The corresponding categorical structure is regular fibration. The examples include stable factorisations, sites, triposes. Regular logic is exactly what is needed to talk about maps, as total and single-valued relations. However, when enriched with proofs-as-arrows, this familiar concept must be supplied with an additional conversion rule, conn...

Abstract. We attempt to develop a general algebro-geometric study of the moduli stack of commutative, 1-parameter formal Lie groups, in full comportment with the modern foundations of algebraic geometry. We emphasize the pro-algebraic structure of this stack: it is the inverse limit, over varying n, of moduli stacks of n-buds, and these latter stacks are algebraic. Our main theorems pertain to the height stratification relative to fixed prime p on the stacks of formal Lie groups and of n-buds. Notably, we show that the stack of n-buds of height ≥ h is smooth and universally closed over Fp of dimension −h; we characterize the stratum of n-buds of (exact) height h and the stratum of formal Lie groups of (exact) height h as classifying stacks of certain groups, smooth algebraic in the bud case; and we obtain some structure results on these groups. We also obtain a second characterization of the stratum of formal Lie groups of height h as an inverse limit of classifying stacks of certain finite étale algebraic groups.

Abstract. Two constructions of paths in double categories are studied, providing algebraic versions of the homotopy groupoid of a space. Universal properties of these constructions are presented. The first is seen as the codomain of the universal oplax morphism of double categories and the second, which is a quotient of the first, gives the universal normal oplax morphism. Normality forces an equivalence relation on cells, a special case of which was seen before in the free adjoint construction. These constructions are the object part of 2-comonads which are shown to be oplax idempotent. The coalgebras for these comonads turn out to be Leinster’s fc-multicategories, with representable identities in the second case.