The focus of this chapter is the incremental presentation of partial firstorder logic, seen as a powerful framework where the specification of most data types can be directly represented in the most natural way. Both model theory and logical deduction are described in full detail. Alternatives to partiality, like (variants of) error algebras and order-sortedness are also discussed, showing their uses and limitations. Moreover, both the total and the partial (positive) conditional fragment are investigated in detail, and in particular the existence of initial (free) models for such restricted logical paradigms is proved. Some more powerful algebraic frameworks are sketched at the end. Equational specifications introduced in last chapter, are a powerful tool to represent the most common data types used in programming languages and their semantics. Indeed, Bergstra and Tucker have shown in a series of papers (see [BT87] for a complete exposition of results) that a data type is semicompu...

The paper presents a modular superposition calculus for the combination of firstorder theories involving both total and partial functions. The modularity of the calculus is a consequence of the fact that all the inferences are pure – only involving clauses over the alphabet of either one, but not both, of the theories – when refuting goals represented by sets of pure formulae. The calculus is shown to be complete provided that functions that are not in the intersection of the component signatures are declared as partial. This result also means that if the unsatisfiability of a goal modulo the combined theory does not depend on the totality of the functions in the extensions, the inconsistency will be effectively found. Moreover, we consider a constraint superposition calculus for the case of hierarchical theories and show that it has a related modularity property. Finally we identify cases where the partial models can always be made total so that modular superposition is also complete with respect to the standard (total function) semantics of the theories. 1

Abstract. We present a general framework which allows to identify complex theories important in verification for which efficient reasoning methods exist. The framework we present is based on a general notion of locality. We show that locality considerations allow us to obtain parameterized decidability and complexity results for many (combinations of) theories important in verification in general and in the verification of parametric systems in particular. We give numerous examples; in particular we show that several theories of data structures studied in the verification literature are local extensions of a base theory. The general framework we use allows us to identify situations in which some of the syntactical restrictions imposed in previous papers can be relaxed. 1

. The paper characterises compositional homomorphims of relational structures. A detailed study of three categories of such structures -- viewed as multialgebras -- reveals the one with the most desirable properties. In addition, we study analogous categories with homomorphisms mapping elements to sets (thus being relations). Finally, we indicate some consequences of our results for partial algebras which are special case of multialgebras. 1 Introduction In the study of universal algebra, the central place occupies the pair of "dual" notions of congruence and homomorphism: every congruence on an algebra induces a homomorphism into a quotient and every homomorphism induces a congruence on the source algebra. Categorical approach attempts to express all (internal) properties of algebras in (external) terms of homomorphisms. When passing to relational structures, however, the close correspondence of these internal and external aspects seems to get lost. The most common, and natural, gene...

this article, new concepts for visual

Abstract. We present an overview of results on hierarchical and modular reasoning in complex theories. We show that for a special type of extensions of a base theory, which we call local, hierarchic reasoning is possible (i.e. proof tasks in the extension can be hierarchically reduced to proof tasks w.r.t. the base theory). Many theories important for computer science or mathematics fall into this class (typical examples are theories of data structures, theories of free or monotone functions, but also functions occurring in mathematical analysis). In fact, it is often necessary to consider complex extensions, in which various types of functions or data structures need to be taken into account at the same time. We show how such local theory extensions can be identified and under which conditions locality is preserved when combining theories, and we investigate possibilities of efficient modular reasoning in such theory combinations. We present several examples of application domains where local theories and local theory extensions occur in a natural way. We show, in particular, that various phenomena analyzed in the verification literature can be explained in a unified way using the notion of locality. 1

A logic is developed in which function symbols are allowed to represent partial functions. It has the usual rules of logic (in the form of a sequent calculus) except that the substitution rule has to be modi ed. It is developed here in its minimal form, with equality and conjunction, as partial Horn logic. Various kinds of logical theory are equivalent: partial Horn theories, quasi-equational theories (partial Horn theories without predicate symbols), cartesian theories and essentially algebraic theories. The logic is sound and complete with respect to models in Set, and sound with respect to models in any cartesian ( nite limit) category. The simplicity of the quasi-equational form allows an easy predicative constructive proof of the free partial model theorem for cartesian theories: that if a theory morphism is given from one cartesian theory to another, then the forgetful (reduct) functor from one model category to the other has a left adjoint. Various examples of quasi-equational theory are studied, including those of cartesian categories and of other classes of categories. For each quasi-equational theory T another, CartϖT, is constructed, whose models are cartesian categories equipped with models of T. Its initial model, the classifying category for T, has properties similar to those of the syntactic category, but more precise with respect to strict cartesian functors. This is a preprint version of the article published as Annals of Pure and Applied Logic 145 (3) (2007), pp. 314- 353. doi:10.1016/j.apal.2006.10.001

. A single pushout approach to the transformation of attributed partial graphs based on categories of partial algebras and partial morphisms is introduced. A sufficient condition for pushouts in these categories is presented. As the synchronization mechanism we use amalgamation of rules and show how synchronization can be minimized. We point out how the results obtained can be employed in order to define an operational semantics for object specification languages. 1 Introduction Graphs and graph grammars usually yield intuitive descriptions of complex phenomena in computer science. Therefore, numerous approaches to graph grammars have been put forward, among them the logical approach [6], the set theoretic approach [29], and the algebraic approach [9]. Graph-based techniques have for instance been successfully applied in the realm of software engineering development environments [13, 14], for object-oriented languages based on asynchronous communication [22, 24, 20, 21] and in logic p...

Abstract. We investigate the logical aspects of the partial λ-calculus with equality, exploiting an equivalence between partial λ-theories and partial cartesian closed categories (pcccs) established here. The partial λ-calculus with equality provides a full-blown intuitionistic higher order logic, which in a precise sense turns out to be almost the logic of toposes, the distinctive feature of the latter being unique choice. We give a linguistic proof of the generalization of the fundamental theorem of toposes to pcccs with equality; type theoretically, one thus obtains that the partial λ-calculus with equality encompasses a Martin-Löf-style dependent type theory. This work forms part of the semantical foundations for the higher order algebraic specification language HasCasl.

The transformation of total graph structures has been studied from the algebraic point of view over more than two decades now, and it has motivated the development of the so-called double-pushout and single-pushout approaches to graph transformation. In this article we extend the double-pushout approach to the algebraic transformation of partial many-sorted unary algebras. Such a generalization has been motivated by the need to model the transformation of structures which are richer and more complex than acyclic graphs and hypergraphs. The main result presented in this article is an algebraic characterization of the doublepushout transformation in the categories of all homomorphisms and all closed homomorphisms of unary partial algebras over a given signature, together with a corresponding operational characterization which may serve as a basis for implementation. Moreover, both categories are shown to satisfy the strongest of the HLR (High Level Replacement) conditions with respect to...