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A novel wakeup receiver with addressing capability for wireless sensor nodes
- in Proceedings of DCoSS 2014, Marina Del Rey
"... Abstract—Emerging low-power radio triggering techniques for wireless motes are a promising approach to prolong the lifetime of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). By allowing nodes to activate their main transceiver only when data need to be trans-mitted or received, wake-up-enabled solutions virtually ..."
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Abstract—Emerging low-power radio triggering techniques for wireless motes are a promising approach to prolong the lifetime of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). By allowing nodes to activate their main transceiver only when data need to be trans-mitted or received, wake-up-enabled solutions virtually eliminate the need for idle listening, thus drastically reducing the energy toll of communication. In this paper we describe the design of a novel wake-up receiver architecture based on an innovative pass-band filter bank with high selectivity capability. The proposed concept, demonstrated by a prototype implementation, combines both frequency-domain and time-domain addressing space to allow selective addressing of nodes. To take advantage of the functionalities of the proposed receiver, as well as of energy-harvesting capabilities modern sensor nodes are equipped with, we present a novel wake-up-enabled harvesting-aware commu-nication stack that supports both interest dissemination and convergecasting primitives. This stack builds on the ability of the proposed WuR to support dynamic address assignment, which is exploited to optimize system performance. Comparison against traditional WSN protocols shows that the proposed concept allows to optimize performance tradeoffs with respect to existing low-power communication stacks. I.
SensEH: From Simulation to Deployment of Energy Harvesting Wireless Sensor Networks
"... Abstract—Energy autonomy and system lifetime are critical concerns in wireless sensor networks (WSNs), for which energy harvesting (EH) is emerging as a promising solution. Neverthe-less, the tools supporting the design of EH-WSNs are limited to a few simulators that require developers to re-impleme ..."
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Abstract—Energy autonomy and system lifetime are critical concerns in wireless sensor networks (WSNs), for which energy harvesting (EH) is emerging as a promising solution. Neverthe-less, the tools supporting the design of EH-WSNs are limited to a few simulators that require developers to re-implement the application with programming languages different from WSN ones. Further, simulators notoriously provide only a rough ap-proximation of the reality of low-power wireless communication. In this paper we present SENSEH, a software framework that allows developers to move back and forth between the power and speed of a simulated approach and the reality and accuracy of in-field experiments. SENSEH relies on COOJA for emulating the actual, deployment-ready code, and provides two modes of operation that allow the reuse of exactly the same code in real-world WSN deployments. We describe the toolchain and software architecture of SENSEH, and demonstrate its practical use and benefits in the context of a case study where we investigate how the lifetime of a WSN used for adaptive lighting in road tunnels can be extended using harvesters based on photovoltaic panels. I.
Energy harvesting framework for network simulator 3 (ns-3
- In ENSsys ’14
, 2014
"... The problem of designing and simulating optimal com-munication protocols for energy harvesting wireless net-works has recently received considerable attention, thus re-quiring an accurate modeling of the energy harvesting pro-cess and a consequent redesign of the simulation framework to include this ..."
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The problem of designing and simulating optimal com-munication protocols for energy harvesting wireless net-works has recently received considerable attention, thus re-quiring an accurate modeling of the energy harvesting pro-cess and a consequent redesign of the simulation framework to include this. While the current ns-3 energy framework al-lows the definition of new energy sources that incorporate the contribution of an energy harvester, integrating an en-ergy harvester component into an existing energy source is not straightforward using the existing energy framework. In this paper, we propose an extension of the ns-3.20 energy framework in order to explicitly introduce the concept of an energy harvester. Starting from the definition of a general en-ergy harvester, we provide the implementation of two simple models for the energy harvester. In addition, we introduce the concept of an energy predictor, that gathers information from the energy source and harvester and uses this informa-tion to predict the amount of energy that will be available in the future. Finally, we extend the current energy frame-work to include a model for a supercapacitor energy source and a device energy model for the energy consumption of a sensor. Example simulation results show the benefit of our contributions to the ns-3 energy framework.
CTP-WUR: The Collection Tree Protocol in Wake-up Radio WSNs for Critical Applications
"... Abstract-Allowing the nodes of a wireless sensor network (WSN) to turn their radio off periodically noticeably increases network lifetime. Duty cycling, however, does not eliminate idle listening, comes at the price of longer latencies and obtains lifetimes that are still insufficient for many crit ..."
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Abstract-Allowing the nodes of a wireless sensor network (WSN) to turn their radio off periodically noticeably increases network lifetime. Duty cycling, however, does not eliminate idle listening, comes at the price of longer latencies and obtains lifetimes that are still insufficient for many critical applications. Using a wake-up receiver (WUR) allows actual communications on the main radio only for transmission or reception, virtually eliminating node idling. However, the range of current WUR prototypes is still significantly shorter than that of the main radio, which can challenge the use of existing WSN protocols in WUR-based networks. In this paper we present an approach to mitigate this limitation of wake-up-based networks. In particular, we show that the Collection Tree Protocol (CTP), a standard protocol for data gathering in WSNs, suitably redefined to work on WUR-endowed nodes, achieves lifetimes of several decades. This constitutes a remarkable improvement over duty cycle-based solutions, where CTP makes the network lasts only a handful of months. At the same time, our WUR-based approach obtains data latencies comparable to those obtained by keeping the main radio always on.
Beyond Duty Cycling: Wake-up Radio with Selective Awakenings for Long-lived Wireless Sensing Systems
"... Abstract—Emerging wake-up radio technologies have the po-tential to bring the performance of sensing systems and of the Internet of Things to the levels of low latency and very low energy consumption required to enable critical new applications. This paper provides a step towards this goal with a tw ..."
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Abstract—Emerging wake-up radio technologies have the po-tential to bring the performance of sensing systems and of the Internet of Things to the levels of low latency and very low energy consumption required to enable critical new applications. This paper provides a step towards this goal with a twofold contribution. We first describe the design and prototyping of a wake-up receiver (WRx) and its integration to a wireless sensor node. Our WRx features very low power consumption (< 1.3µW), high sensitivity (up to −55dBm), fast reactivity (wake-up time of 130µs), and selective addressing, a key enabler of new high performance protocols. We then present ALBA-WUR, a cross-layer solution for data gathering in sensing systems that redesigns a previous leading protocol, ALBA-R, extending it to exploit the features of our WRx. We evaluate the performance of ALBA-WUR via simulations, showing that the use of the WRx produces remarkable energy savings (up to five orders of magnitude), and achieves lifetimes that are decades longer than those obtained by ALBA-R in sensing systems with duty cycling, while keeping latencies at bay. I.
Simulating Intermittently Powered Embedded Networks
"... With the promise of delivering immortality, energy har-vesting and wireless energy transfer have become the next research frontier for pervasive computing and networks. The challenge still is to adapt operations along all aspects of a sensing system (sensing, computation, communication), to deal wit ..."
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With the promise of delivering immortality, energy har-vesting and wireless energy transfer have become the next research frontier for pervasive computing and networks. The challenge still is to adapt operations along all aspects of a sensing system (sensing, computation, communication), to deal with the varied, unpredictable or possibly intermittent supply of such energy. To understand these challenges, we currently lack sufficient tools to evaluate the impact of dif-ferent energy harvesting and transfer models- which is fur-ther exacerbated due to the high cost of deploying such sys-tems at a large scale. We present a generic, TOSSIM-based simulation framework to model energy harvesting and en-ergy transfer, enabling rapid development of harvesting- and transfer-aware applications, protocols, and system software. Our evaluation shows that even an abstract simulation model can provide useful insights, such as frequent power outages and node reboots due to intermittent energy supply. Based on these insights, we further establish the utility of this frame-work by demonstrating how high level simulations can lead to a better choice of energy scheduling algorithms.
