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145
Social Signal Processing: Survey of an Emerging Domain
, 2008
"... The ability to understand and manage social signals of a person we are communicating with is the core of social intelligence. Social intelligence is a facet of human intelligence that has been argued to be indispensable and perhaps the most important for success in life. This paper argues that next- ..."
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Cited by 153 (32 self)
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The ability to understand and manage social signals of a person we are communicating with is the core of social intelligence. Social intelligence is a facet of human intelligence that has been argued to be indispensable and perhaps the most important for success in life. This paper argues that next-generation computing needs to include the essence of social intelligence – the ability to recognize human social signals and social behaviours like turn taking, politeness, and disagreement – in order to become more effective and more efficient. Although each one of us understands the importance of social signals in everyday life situations, and in spite of recent advances in machine analysis of relevant behavioural cues like blinks, smiles, crossed arms, laughter, and similar, design and development of automated systems for Social Signal Processing (SSP) are rather difficult. This paper surveys the past efforts in solving these problems by a computer, it summarizes the relevant findings in social psychology, and it proposes a set of recommendations for enabling the development of the next generation of socially-aware computing.
Emotional convergence between people over time
, 2003
"... The authors propose that people in relationships become emotionally similar over time—as this similarity would help coordinate the thoughts and behaviors of the relationship partners, increase their mutual understanding, and foster their social cohesion. Using laboratory procedures to induce and ass ..."
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Cited by 78 (17 self)
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The authors propose that people in relationships become emotionally similar over time—as this similarity would help coordinate the thoughts and behaviors of the relationship partners, increase their mutual understanding, and foster their social cohesion. Using laboratory procedures to induce and assess emotional response, the authors found that dating partners (Study 1) and college roommates (Studies 2 and 3) became more similar in their emotional responses over the course of a year. Further, relationship partners with less power made more of the change necessary for convergence to occur. Consistent with the proposed benefits of emotional similarity, relationships whose partners were more emotionally similar were more cohesive and less likely to dissolve. Discussion focuses on implications of emotional convergence and on potential mechanisms. A primary function of emotion is the coordination of social interactions (Frijda & Mesquita, 1994; Keltner & Haidt, 1999, in press). Emotional feelings and displays help facilitate mother– infant attachment (Bowlby, 1969), coordinate courtship and romantic processes (Eibl-Eibesfeldt, 1989), promote interpersonal trust and reconciliation following norm transgressions (Keltner,
Beyond reciprocity: Gratitude and relationships in everyday life. Emotion
, 2008
"... The emotion of gratitude is thought to have social effects, but empirical studies of such effects have focused largely on the repaying of kind gestures. The current research focused on the relational antecedents of gratitude and its implications for relationship formation. The authors examined the r ..."
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Cited by 44 (3 self)
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The emotion of gratitude is thought to have social effects, but empirical studies of such effects have focused largely on the repaying of kind gestures. The current research focused on the relational antecedents of gratitude and its implications for relationship formation. The authors examined the role of naturally occurring gratitude in college sororities during a week of gift-giving from older members to new members. New members recorded reactions to benefits received during the week. At the end of the week and 1 month later, the new and old members rated their interactions and their relationships. Perceptions of benefactor responsiveness predicted gratitude for benefits, and gratitude during the week predicted future relationship outcomes. Gratitude may function to promote relationship formation and maintenance.
Mapping expressive differences around the world: The relationship between emotional display rules Individualism vs
- Collectivism. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology
, 2008
"... The online version of this article can be found at: ..."
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Cited by 37 (6 self)
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The online version of this article can be found at:
Why does affect matter in organizations
- Academy of Management Perspectives
, 2007
"... Interest in and research about affect in organizations have expanded dramatically in recent years. This article reviews what we know about affect in organizations, focusing on how employees ’ moods, emotions, and dispositional affect influence critical organizational outcomes such as job performance ..."
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Cited by 33 (1 self)
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Interest in and research about affect in organizations have expanded dramatically in recent years. This article reviews what we know about affect in organizations, focusing on how employees ’ moods, emotions, and dispositional affect influence critical organizational outcomes such as job performance, decision making, creativity, turnover, prosocial behavior, teamwork, negotiation, and leadership. This review highlights pervasive and consistent effects, showing the importance of affect in shaping a wide variety of organizational behaviors, the knowledge of which is critical for researchers, managers, and employees. WhyDoesAffectMatter inOrganizations? Anorganizational vignette... I had just mentioned how small a raise I was going to give to Jerry, my top salesperson this year. I could see a subtle wave of anger and frustration wash over his usually calm features. I had been afraid this was going to happen. But what could I do? I was caught in the middle—the CEO wanted to cut our budget by 6%! Jerry’s voice had an edge to it, and I could tell that my explanations about the
Do the right thing: But only if others do so
- Journal of Behavioral Decision Making
"... Social norms play an important role in individual decision making. Bicchieri (2006) argues that two different expectations influence our choice to obey a norm: what we expect others to do (empirical expectations) and what we believe others think we ought to do (normative expectations). Little is kno ..."
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Cited by 31 (2 self)
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Social norms play an important role in individual decision making. Bicchieri (2006) argues that two different expectations influence our choice to obey a norm: what we expect others to do (empirical expectations) and what we believe others think we ought to do (normative expectations). Little is known about the relative importance of these two types of expectation in individuals ’ decisions, an issue that is particularly important when normative and empirical expectations are in conflict (e.g., systemic corruption, high crime cities). In this paper, we report data from Dictator game experiments where we exogenously manipulate dictators ’ expectations in the direction of either selfishness or fairness. When normative and empirical expectations are in conflict, we find that empirical expectations about other dictators ’ choices significantly predict a dictator’s own choice. However, dictators ’ expectations regarding what other dictators think ought to be done do not have a significant impact on their decisions after controlling for empirical expectations. Our findings about the crucial influence of empirical expectations are important for designing institutions or policies aimed at discouraging undesirable behavior. KEY WORDS social norms; decision making; expectations; fairness; dictator game
The relational self revealed: Integrative conceptualization and implications for interpersonal life
- Psychological Bulletin
, 2006
"... The authors offer a new, integrative conceptualization of the relational self based on a synthesis of recent approaches to the self and significant others. This conceptualization provides a sharper and fuller definition of the relational self than does any existing approach alone and a common framew ..."
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Cited by 31 (5 self)
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The authors offer a new, integrative conceptualization of the relational self based on a synthesis of recent approaches to the self and significant others. This conceptualization provides a sharper and fuller definition of the relational self than does any existing approach alone and a common framework to interpret findings from separate literatures. The authors then present 5 propositions and evidence to support the thesis that relational selves exert a pervasive influence on interpersonal life. Specifically, relational selves (a) shape a wide range of psychological processes and outcomes, (b) exert their influence automatically, (c) serve basic orientation and meaning functions, (d) provide continuity and contextspecific variability in personality, and (e) carry implications for psychological well-being. Discussion focuses on remaining issues and implications for future research.
Be better or be merry: How mood affects self-control
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
, 2007
"... In 6 studies, the authors tested whether the effect of mood on self-control success depends on a person’s accessible goal. We propose that positive mood signals a person to adopt an accessible goal, whereas negative mood signals a person to reject an accessible goal; therefore, if a self-improvement ..."
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Cited by 30 (6 self)
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In 6 studies, the authors tested whether the effect of mood on self-control success depends on a person’s accessible goal. We propose that positive mood signals a person to adopt an accessible goal, whereas negative mood signals a person to reject an accessible goal; therefore, if a self-improvement goal is accessible, happy (vs. neutral or unhappy) people perform better on self-control tasks that further that goal. Conversely, if a mood management goal is accessible, happy people abstain from self-control tasks because the tasks are incompatible with this goal. This pattern receives consistent support across several self-control tasks, including donating to charity, demonstrating physical endurance, seeking negative feedback, and completing tests.
Use of Automated Facial Image Analysis for Measurement of Emotion Expression
"... expressions serve interpersonal functions of emotion by conveying communicative intent, signaling affective information in social referencing (Campos, Bertenthal, & Kermoian, 1992), and more generally contributing to the regulation of social interaction (Cohn & Elmore, 1988; Fridlund, 1994; ..."
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Cited by 28 (11 self)
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expressions serve interpersonal functions of emotion by conveying communicative intent, signaling affective information in social referencing (Campos, Bertenthal, & Kermoian, 1992), and more generally contributing to the regulation of social interaction (Cohn & Elmore, 1988; Fridlund, 1994; Schmidt & Cohn, 2001). As a measure of trait affect, stability in facial expression emerges early in life (Cohn & Campbell, 1992; Malatesta, Culver, Tesman, & Shephard, 1989). By adulthood, stability is moderately strong, comparable to that for selfreported emotion (Cohn, Schmidt, Gross, & Ekman, 2002), and predictive of favorable outcomes in emotion-related domains including marriage and personal well-being over periods as long as 30 years (Harker & Keltner, 2001). Expressive changes in the face are a rich source of cues about intra- and interpersonal functions of emotion (cf. Keltner & Haitd, 1999). To make use of the information afforded by facial expression for emotion science and clinical practice, reliable, valid, and efficient methods of measurement are critical. Until recently, selecting a measurement method meant choosing among one or another human-observer-based coding system (e.g., Ekman & Friesen, 1978 and Izard, 1983) or facial electromyography (EMG). While each of these approaches has advantages, they are not without costs. Humanobserver-based
Social Signal Processing: State-of-the-art and future perspectives of an emerging domain
- IN PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACM INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MULTIMEDIA
, 2008
"... The ability to understand and manage social signals of a person we are communicating with is the core of social intelligence. Social intelligence is a facet of human intelligence that has been argued to be indispensable and perhaps the most important for success in life. This paper argues that next- ..."
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Cited by 27 (7 self)
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The ability to understand and manage social signals of a person we are communicating with is the core of social intelligence. Social intelligence is a facet of human intelligence that has been argued to be indispensable and perhaps the most important for success in life. This paper argues that next-generation computing needs to include the essence of social intelligence – the ability to recognize human social signals and social behaviours like politeness, and disagreement – in order to become more effective and more efficient. Although each one of us understands the importance of social signals in everyday life situations, and in spite of recent advances in machine analysis of relevant behavioural cues like blinks, smiles, crossed arms, laughter, and similar, design and development of automated systems for Social Signal Processing (SSP) are rather difficult. This paper surveys the past efforts in solving these problems by a computer, it summarizes the relevant findings in social psychology, and it proposes aset of recommendations for enabling the development of the next generation of socially-aware computing.
