Results 1 - 10
of
86
The psychology of self-defense: self-affirmation theory
- Advances in Experimental Social Psychology
, 2006
"... In major league baseball, a hitter could have a long and productive career by maintaining a.300 average, that is, by getting a base hit 30 % of the time. A great deal of money could be earned and fame accrued. Yet the other 70% of the time, this player would have failed. The vast majority of attempt ..."
Abstract
-
Cited by 135 (10 self)
- Add to MetaCart
(Show Context)
In major league baseball, a hitter could have a long and productive career by maintaining a.300 average, that is, by getting a base hit 30 % of the time. A great deal of money could be earned and fame accrued. Yet the other 70% of the time, this player would have failed. The vast majority of attempts to
Examining the Relationship between Reviews and Sales: The Role of Reviewer Identity
- Disclosure in Electronic Markets, NYU CeDER Working Paper
, 2006
"... doi 10.1287/isre.1080.0193 ..."
Yes, But What’s the Mechanism? (Don’t Expect an Easy Answer)
"... Psychologists increasingly recommend experimental analysis of mediation. This is a step in the right direction because mediation analyses based on nonexperimental data are likely to be biased and because experiments, in principle, provide a sound basis for causal inference. But even experiments cann ..."
Abstract
-
Cited by 52 (0 self)
- Add to MetaCart
(Show Context)
Psychologists increasingly recommend experimental analysis of mediation. This is a step in the right direction because mediation analyses based on nonexperimental data are likely to be biased and because experiments, in principle, provide a sound basis for causal inference. But even experiments cannot overcome certain threats to inference that arise chiefly or exclusively in the context of mediation analysis—threats that have received little attention in psychology. The authors describe 3 of these threats and suggest ways to improve the exposition and design of mediation tests. Their conclusion is that inference about mediators is far more difficult than previous research suggests and is best tackled by an experimental research program that is specifically designed to address the challenges of mediation analysis.
Forming attitudes that predict future behavior: A metaanalysis of the attitude-behavior relation
- Psychological Bulletin
, 2006
"... Forming attitudes that predict future behavior: A meta-analysis of the attitude-behavior relation ..."
Abstract
-
Cited by 47 (1 self)
- Add to MetaCart
(Show Context)
Forming attitudes that predict future behavior: A meta-analysis of the attitude-behavior relation
Culture and identity-protective cognition: Explaining the white-male effect in risk perception
, 2007
"... Why do white men fear various risks less than women and minorities? Known as the “white-male effect, ” this pattern is well documented but poorly understood. This article proposes a new explanation: identityprotective cognition. Putting work on the cultural theory of risk together with work on motiv ..."
Abstract
-
Cited by 29 (10 self)
- Add to MetaCart
(Show Context)
Why do white men fear various risks less than women and minorities? Known as the “white-male effect, ” this pattern is well documented but poorly understood. This article proposes a new explanation: identityprotective cognition. Putting work on the cultural theory of risk together with work on motivated cognition in social psychology suggests that individuals selectively credit and dismiss asserted dangers in a manner supportive of their cultural identities. This dynamic, it is hypothesized, drives the white-male effect, which reflects the risk skepticism that hierarchical and individualistic white males display when activities integral to their cultural identities are challenged as harmful. The article presents the results of an 1,800-person study that confirmed that cultural worldviews interact with the impact of gender and race on risk perception in patterns that suggest cultural-identity-protective cognition. It also discusses the implications of these findings for risk regulation and communication. Fear discriminates. Numerous studies show that risk perceptions are skewed across gender and race: women worry more than men, and minorities more than whites, about myriad dangers—from environmental pollution to
The polarizing impact of science literacy and numeracy on perceived climate change risks
"... Seeming public apathy over climate change is often attributed to a deficit in comprehension. The public knows too little science, it is claimed, to understand the evidence or avoid being misled1. Widespread limits on technical reasoning aggravate the problem by forcing citizens to use unreliable cog ..."
Abstract
-
Cited by 26 (2 self)
- Add to MetaCart
Seeming public apathy over climate change is often attributed to a deficit in comprehension. The public knows too little science, it is claimed, to understand the evidence or avoid being misled1. Widespread limits on technical reasoning aggravate the problem by forcing citizens to use unreliable cognitive heuristics to assess risk2. We conducted a study to test this account and found no support for it. Members of the public with the highest degrees of science literacy and technical reasoning capacity were not the most concerned about climate change. Rather, they were the ones among whom cultural polarization was greatest. This result suggests that public divisions over climate change stem not from the public’s incomprehension of science but from a distinctive conflict of interest: between the personal interest individuals have in forming beliefs in line with those held by others with whom they share close ties and the
Statistical Analysis of Endorsement Experiments: Measuring Support for Militant Groups
- in Pakistan.” Political Analysis 19 (Autumn
, 2011
"... Political scientists have long been interested in citizens ’ support level for such actors as ethnic minorities, militant groups, and authoritarian regimes. Attempts to use direct questioning in surveys, however, have largely yielded unreliable measures of these attitudes as they are contaminated by ..."
Abstract
-
Cited by 26 (16 self)
- Add to MetaCart
Political scientists have long been interested in citizens ’ support level for such actors as ethnic minorities, militant groups, and authoritarian regimes. Attempts to use direct questioning in surveys, however, have largely yielded unreliable measures of these attitudes as they are contaminated by social desirability bias and high nonresponse rates. In this paper, we develop a statistical methodology to analyze endorsement experiments, which recently have been proposed as a possible solution to this measurement problem. The commonly used statistical methods are problematic because they cannot properly combine responses across multiple policy questions, the design feature of a typical endorsement experiment. We overcome this limitation by using item response theory to estimate support levels on the same scale as the ideal points of respondents. We also show how to extend our model to incorporate a hierarchical structure of data in order to uncover spatial variation of support while recouping the loss of statistical efficiency due to indirect questioning. We illustrate the proposed methodology by applying it to measure political support for Islamist militant groups in Pakistan. Simulation studies suggest that the proposed Bayesian model yields estimates with reasonable levels of bias and statistical power. Finally, we offer several practical suggestions for improving the design and analysis of endorsement experiments. 1
Bridging the partisan divide: Self-affirmation reduces ideological closed-mindedness and inflexibility in negotiation
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
"... Three studies link resistance to probative information and intransigence in negotiation to concerns of identity maintenance. Each shows that affirmations of personal integrity (vs. nonaffirmation or threat) can reduce resistance and intransigence but that this effect occurs only when individuals ’ p ..."
Abstract
-
Cited by 25 (9 self)
- Add to MetaCart
(Show Context)
Three studies link resistance to probative information and intransigence in negotiation to concerns of identity maintenance. Each shows that affirmations of personal integrity (vs. nonaffirmation or threat) can reduce resistance and intransigence but that this effect occurs only when individuals ’ partisan identity and/or identity-related convictions are made salient. Affirmation made participants ’ assessment of a report critical of U.S. foreign policy less dependent on their political views, but only when the identity relevance of the issue rather than the goal of rationality was salient (Study 1). Affirmation increased concession making in a negotiation over abortion policy, but again this effect was moderated by identity salience (Studies 2 and 3). Indeed, although affirmed negotiators proved relatively more open to compromise when either the salience of their true convictions or the importance of remaining faithful to those convictions was heightened, the reverse was true when the salient goal was compromise. The theoretical and applied significance of these findings are discussed.
Alone in a crowd of sheep: Asymmetric perceptions of conformity and their roots in an introspection illusion
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
, 2007
"... The results of 5 studies showed that people see others as more conforming than themselves. This asymmetry was found to occur in domains ranging from consumer purchases to political views. Participants claimed to be less susceptible than their average peers to broad descriptions of social influences, ..."
Abstract
-
Cited by 19 (3 self)
- Add to MetaCart
(Show Context)
The results of 5 studies showed that people see others as more conforming than themselves. This asymmetry was found to occur in domains ranging from consumer purchases to political views. Participants claimed to be less susceptible than their average peers to broad descriptions of social influences, and they also claimed to be less susceptible than specific peers to specific instances of conformity. These studies further demonstrated that this asymmetry is not simply the result of social desirability, but it is also rooted in people’s attention to introspective versus behavioral information when making conformity assessments. The participants displayed an introspection illusion, placing more weight on introspective evidence of conformity (relative to behavioral evidence) when judging their own susceptibility to social influence as opposed to someone else’s. Implications for self–other asymmetries, implicit social influence, and interpersonal conflict are discussed.
Peer contagion of aggression and health-risk behavior among adolescent males: An experimental investigation of effects on public conduct and private attitudes
- Child Development
, 2006
"... Peer contagion of adolescent males ’ aggressive/health risk behaviors was examined using a computerized ‘‘chat room’ ’ experimental paradigm. Forty-three 11th-grade White adolescents (16 – 17 years old) were led to believe that they were interacting with other students (i.e., ‘‘e-confederates’’), wh ..."
Abstract
-
Cited by 18 (2 self)
- Add to MetaCart
(Show Context)
Peer contagion of adolescent males ’ aggressive/health risk behaviors was examined using a computerized ‘‘chat room’ ’ experimental paradigm. Forty-three 11th-grade White adolescents (16 – 17 years old) were led to believe that they were interacting with other students (i.e., ‘‘e-confederates’’), who endorsed aggressive/health risk behaviors and whose ostensible peer status was experimentally manipulated. Adolescents displayed greater public conformity, more internalization of aggressive/health risk attitudes, and a higher frequency of actual exclusionary behavior when the e-confederates were high in peer status than low. Participants ’ level of social anxiety moderated peer contagion. Nonsocially anxious participants conformed only to high-status peers, whereas socially anxious participants were equally influenced by low- and high-status peers. The role of status-maintenance motivations in aggression and risk behavior, and implications for preventive intervention, are discussed. For decades, substantial effort has been dedicated to the examination of the effects of peer relationships on psychological adjustment (Hartup, 1970; Rubin, Bukowski, & Parker, 1998). One of the most consist-ent and replicable findings from this research involves the contagion of attitudes and behaviors among adolescent peers. A large body of work suggests that adolescents affiliate with peers who are similar to themselves in attitudes, prefer-ences, and behaviors (i.e., selection effects). More important, these affiliations prospectively predict increases in the levels of such attitudes, preferences, and behaviors (i.e., socialization effects; Kandel, 1978, 1996). Peer contagion has substantial implications for adolescents ’ psychological adjustment. Socialization effects explain variability in adolescents ’ externaliz-ing symptoms, such as aggressive (e.g., Vitaro,
