Term rewriting is an appealing technique for performing program analysis and program transformation. Tree (term) traversal is frequently used but is not supported by standard term rewriting.

The Visitor design pattern allows the encapsulation of polymorphic behavior outside the class hierarchy on which it operates. A common application of Visitor is the encapsulation of tree traversals. Unfortunately, visitors resist composition and allow little traversal control.

Lacking support for generic traversal, functional programming languages suffer from a scalability problem when applied to largescale program transformation problems. As a solution, we introduce functional strategies: typeful generic functions that not only can be applied to terms of any type, but which also allow generic traversal into subterms.

Abstract. The paper “Scrap your boilerplate ” (SYB) introduces a combinator library for generic programming that offers generic traversals and queries. Classically, support for generic programming consists of two essential ingredients: a way to write (type-)overloaded functions, and independently, a way to access the structure of data types. SYB seems to lack the second. As a consequence, it is difficult to compare with other approaches such as PolyP or Generic Haskell. In this paper we reveal the structural view that SYB builds upon. This allows us to define the combinators as generic functions in the classical sense. We explain the SYB approach in this changed setting from ground up, and use the understanding gained to relate it to other generic programming approaches. Furthermore, we show that the SYB view is applicable to a very large class of data types, including generalized algebraic data types. 1

Abstract. Many problems call for a mixture of generic and speci c programming techniques. We propose a polytypic programming approach based on generalised (monadic) folds where a separation is made between basic fold algebras that model generic behaviour and updates on these algebras that model speci c behaviour. We identify particular basic algebras as well as some algebra combinators, and we show how these facilitate structured programming with updatable fold algebras. This blend of genericity and speci city allows programming with folds to scale up to applications involving large systems of mutually recursive datatypes. Finally, we address the possibility of providing generic de nitions for the functions, algebras, and combinators that we propose. 1

Stratego is a domain-specic language for the specication of program transformation systems. The design of Stratego is based on the paradigm of rewriting strategies: user-denable programs in a little language of strategy operators determine where and in what order transformation rules are (automatically) applied to a program. The separation of rules and strategies supports modularity of specications. Stratego also provides generic features for specication of program traversals. In this paper we present a case study of Stratego as applied to a non-trivial problem in program transformation. We demonstrate the use of Stratego in eliminating intermediate data structures from (also known as deforesting) functional programs via the warm fusion algorithm of Launchbury and Sheard. This algorithm has been specied in Stratego and embedded in a fully automatic transformation system for kernel Haskell. The entire system consists of about 2600 lines of specication code, which bre...

A typed model of strategic term rewriting is developed. The key innovation is that generic. The calculus traversal is covered. To this end, we define a typed rewriting calculus S ′ γ employs a many-sorted type system extended by designated generic strategy types γ. We consider two generic strategy types, namely the types of type-preserving and type-unifying strategies. S ′ γ offers traversal combinators to construct traversals or schemes thereof from many-sorted and generic strategies. The traversal combinators model different forms of one-step traversal, that is, they process the immediate subterms of a given term without anticipating any scheme of recursion into terms. To inhabit generic types, we need to add a fundamental combinator to lift a many-sorted strategy s to a generic type γ. This step is called strategy extension. The semantics of the corresponding combinator states that s is only applied if the type of the term at hand fits, otherwise the extended strategy fails. This approach dictates that the semantics of strategy application must be type-dependent to a certain extent. Typed strategic term rewriting with coverage of generic term traversal is a simple but expressive model of generic programming. It has applications in program

The applicability of term rewriting to program transformation is limited by the lack of control over rule application and by the context-free nature of rewrite rules. The first problem is addressed by languages supporting user-definable rewriting strategies. This paper addresses the second problem by extending rewriting strategies with scoped dynamic rewrite rules. Dynamic rules are generated at run-time and can access variables available from their definition context. Rules generated within a rule scope are automatically retracted at the end of that scope. The technique is illustrated by means of several program tranformations: bound variable renaming, function inlining, and dead function elimination.

Often we are faced with the need to make trivial, albeit tedious, changes to program code. It may be things like making variable names more readable, add code that will provide execution profile information, or change the style of a program from from expression oriented to object oriented in order to improve run-time efficiency. Such source-to-source transformations can be aided by, or even completely automatised, with the aid of a suitable program transformation tool. Here we present the CodeBoost framework for the implementation of source-to-source transformation of C++ programs. It is implemented using OpenC++ for the syntax analysis and using Stratego for de ning the program transformations. Stratego allows

We demonstrate how the concept of strategies originating from term rewriting can be introduced in a typed, functional setting. We provide a model of strategies based on a further generalisation of updatable, monadic, generalised fold algebras. We show how strategies can be used as a structuring device for functional programming. 1