We address the problem of graph rewriting and narrowing as the underlying operational semantics of rule-based programming languages. We propose new optimal graph rewriting and narrowing strategies in the setting of orthogonal constructor-based graph rewriting systems. For this purpose, we first characterize a subset of graphs, called admissible graphs. A graph is admissible if none of its defined operations belongs to a cycle. We then prove the confluence, as well as the confluence modulo bisimilarity (unraveling), of the admissible graph rewriting relation. Afterwards, we define a sequential graph rewriting strategy by using Antoy’s definitional trees. We show that the resulting strategy computes only needed redexes and develops optimal derivations w.r.t. the number of steps. Finally, we tackle the graph narrowing relation over admissible graphs and propose a sequential narrowing strategy which computes independent solutions and develops shorter derivations than most general graph narrowing. 1

The article introduces a novel notion of lazy rewriting. By annotating argument positions as lazy, redundant rewrite steps are avoided, and the termination behaviour of a term rewriting system can be improved. Some transformations of rewrite rules enable an implementation using the same primitives as an implementation of eager rewriting. 1

A notion of type assignment on Curryfied Term Rewriting Systems is introduced that uses Intersection Types of Rank 2, and in which all function symbols are assumed to have a type. Type assignment will consist of specifying derivation rules that describe how types can be assigned to terms, using the types of function symbols. Using a modified unification procedure, for each term the principal pair (of basis and type) will be defined in the following sense: from these all admissible pairs can be generated by chains of operations on pairs, consisting of the operations substitution, copying, and weakening. In general, given an arbitrary typeable CuTRS, the subject reduction property does not hold. Using the principal type for the left-hand side of a rewrite rule, a sufficient and decidable condition will be formulated that typeable rewrite rules should satisfy in order to obtain this property. Introduction In the recent years, several paradigms have been investigated for the implementatio...

. In an earlier paper, one of the present authors presented a preliminary account of an equational logic called PIM. PIM is intended to function as a "transformational toolkit" to be used by compilers and analysis tools for imperative languages, and has been applied to such problems as program slicing, symbolic evaluation, conditional constant propagation, and dependence analysis. PIM consists of the untyped lambda calculus extended with an algebraic rewriting system that characterizes the behavior of lazy stores and generalized conditionals. A major question left open in the earlier paper was whether there existed a complete equational axiomatization of PIM's semantics. In this paper, we answer this question in the affirmative for PIM's core algebraic component, PIM t , under the assumption of certain reasonable restrictions on term formation. We systematically derive the complete PIM logic as the culmination of a sequence of increasingly powerful equational systems starti...

A calculus and a model for a first-order functional language with sharing is presented. In most implementations of...

In this paper we introduce Curryfied Term Rewriting Systems, and a notion of partial type assignment on terms and rewrite rules that uses intersection types with sorts and !. Three operations on types -- substitution, expansion, and lifting -- are used to define type assignment, and are proved to be sound. With this result the system is proved closed for reduction. Using a more liberal approach to recursion, we define a general scheme for recursive definitions and prove that, for all systems that satisfy this scheme, every term typeable without using the type-constant ! is strongly normalizable. We also show that, under certain restrictions, all typeable terms have a (weak) head-normal form, and that terms whose type does not contain ! are normalizable.

This paper introduces a notion of partial type assignment on applicative term rewriting systems that is based on a combination of an essential intersection type assignment system, and the type assignment system as defined for ML [16], both extensions of Curry's type assignment system [11]. Terms and rewrite rules will be written as trees, and type assignment will consists of assigning intersection types function symbols, and specifying the way in which types can be assigned to nodes and edges between nodes. The only constraints on this system are local: they are imposed by the relation between the type assigned to a node and those assigned to its incoming and out-going edges. In general, given an arbitrary typeable applicative term rewriting system, the subject reduction property does not hold. We will formulate a sufficient but undecidable condition typeable rewrite rules should satisfy in order to obtain this property. Introduction In the recent years several paradigms hav...

Kid, a language for expressing compiler optimizations for functional languages is introduced. The language is λ-calculus based but treats let-blocks as first class objects. Let-blocks and associated rewrite rules provide the basis to capture the sharing of subexpressions precisely. The language goes beyond λ-calculus by including I-structures which are essential to express efficient translations of list and array comprehensions. A calculus and a parallel interpreter for Kid are developed. Many commonly known program transformations are also presented. A partial evaluator for Kid is developed and a notion of correctness of Kid transformations based on the syntactic structure of terms and printable answers is presented.

Projection analysis is a technique for finding out information about lazy functional programs. We show how the information obtained from this analysis can be used to speed up sequential implementations, and introduce parallelism into parallel implementations. The underlying evaluation model is evaluation transformers, where the amount of evaluation that is allowed of an argument in a function application depends on the amount of evaluation allowed of the application. We prove that the transformed programs preserve the semantics of the original programs. Compilation rules, which encode the information from the analysis, are given for sequential and parallel machines. 1 Introduction A number of analyses have been developed which find out information about programs. The methods that have been developed fall broadly into two classes, forwards analyses such as those based on the ideas of abstract interpretation (e.g. [9, 18, 19, 7, 17, 12, 4, 20]), and backward analyses such as those based...

This report is a revised version of my thesis of the same title, which was accepted for the Ph.D. degree in Computer Science at University of Aarhus, Denmark, in June 1993