We present simulation mechanisms by which any network of threshold logic units with either symmetric or asymmetric interunit connections (i.e., a symmetric or asymmetric "Hopfield net") can be simulated on a network of the same type, but without any a priori constraints on the order of updates of the units. Together with earlier constructions, the results show that the truly asynchronous network model is computationally equivalent to the seemingly more powerful models with either ordered sequential or fully parallel updates.

We prove that polynomial size discrete Hopfield networks with hidden units compute exactly the class of Boolean functions PSPACE/poly, i.e., the same functions as are computed by polynomial space-bounded nonuniform Turing machines. As a corollary to the construction, we observe also that networks with polynomially bounded interconnection weights compute exactly the class of functions P/poly, i.e., the class computed by polynomial time-bounded nonuniform Turing machines.