It is well known that, given an endofunctor H on a category C, the initial (A + H−)-algebras (if existing), i.e., the algebras of (wellfounded) H-terms over different variable supplies A, give rise to a monad with substitution as the extension operation (the free monad induced by the functor H). Moss [17] and Aczel, Adámek, Milius and Velebil [2] have shown that a similar monad, which even enjoys the additional special property of having iterations for all guarded substitution rules (complete iterativeness), arises from the inverses of the final (A + H−)-coalgebras (if existing), i.e., the algebras of non-wellfounded H-terms. We show that, upon an appropriate generalization of the notion of substitution, the same can more generally be said about the initial T ′ (A, −)-algebras resp. the inverses of the final T ′ (A, −)coalgebras for any endobifunctor T ′ on any category C such that the functors T ′ (−,X) uniformly carry a monad structure.

Abstract. We give a semantic footing to the fold/build syntax of programming with inductive types, covering shortcut deforestation, based on a universal property. Specifically, we give a semantics for inductive types based on limits of algebra structure forgetting functors and show that it is equivalent to the usual initial algebra semantics. We also give a similar semantic account of the augment generalization of build and of the unfold/destroy syntax of coinductive types. 1

The question of how to combine monads arises naturally in many areas with much recent interest focusing on the coproduct of two monads. In general, the coproduct of arbitrary monads does not always exist. Although a rather general construction was given by

Recently there has been a great deal of interest in higherorder syntax which seeks to extend standard initial algebra semantics to cover languages with variable binding by using functor categories. The canonical example studied in the literature is that of the untyped λ-calculus which is handled as an instance of the general theory of binding algebras, cf. Fiore, Plotkin, Turi [8]. Another important syntactic construction is that of explicit substitutions. The syntax of a language with explicit substitutions does not form a binding algebra as an explicit substitution may bind an arbitrary number of variables. Nevertheless we show that the language given by a standard signature Σ and explicit substitutions is naturally modelled as the initial algebra of the endofunctor Id + FΣ ◦ + ◦ on a functor category. We also comment on the apparent lack of modularity in syntax with variable binding as compared to first-order languages. Categories and Subject Descriptors

Inspired from the recent developments in theories of non-wellfounded syntax (coinductively defined languages) and of syntax with binding operators, the structure of algebras of wellfounded and non-wellfounded terms is studied for a very general notion of signature permitting both simple variable binding operators as well as operators of explicit substitution. This is done in an extensional mathematical setting of initial algebras and final coalgebras of endofunctors on a functor category. In the non-wellfounded case, the fundamental operation of substitution is more beneficially defined in terms of primitive corecursion than coiteration.