This paper generalizes many-sorted algebra (hereafter, MSA) to order-sorted algebra (hereafter, OSA) by allowing a partial ordering relation on the set of sorts. This supports abstract data types with multiple inheritance (in roughly the sense of object-oriented programming), several forms of polymorphism and overloading, partial operations (as total on equationally defined subsorts), exception handling, and an operational semantics based on term rewriting. We give the basic algebraic constructions for OSA, including quotient, image, product and term algebra, and we prove their basic properties, including Quotient, Homomorphism, and Initiality Theorems. The paper's major mathematical results include a notion of OSA deduction, a Completeness Theorem for it, and an OSA Birkhoff Variety Theorem. We also develop conditional OSA, including Initiality, Completeness, and McKinsey-Malcev Quasivariety Theorems, and we reduce OSA to (conditional) MSA, which allows lifting many known MSA results to OSA. Retracts, which intuitively are left inverses to subsort inclusions, provide relatively inexpensive run-time error handling. We show that it is safe to add retracts to any OSA signature, in the sense that it gives rise to a conservative extension. A final section compares and contrasts many different approaches to OSA. This paper also includes several examples demonstrating the flexibility and applicability of OSA, including some standard benchmarks like STACK and LIST, as well as a much more substantial example, the number hierarchy from the naturals up to the quaternions.

Machine (a virtual machine model which underlies most of the current Prolog implementations and incorporates crucial optimization techniques) starting from a more abstract EA for Prolog developed by Borger in [Bo1--Bo3]. Q: How do you tailor an EA machine to the abstraction level of an algorithm whose individual steps are complicated algorithms all by themselves? For example, the algorithm may be written in a high level language that allows, say, multiplying integer matrices in one step. A: You model the given algorithm modulo those algorithms needed to perform single steps. In your case, matrix multiplication will be built in as an operation. Q: Coming back to Turing, there could be a good reason for him to speak about computable functions rather than algorithms. We don't really know what algorithms are. A: I agree. Notice, however, that there are different notions of algorithm. On the one hand, an algorithm is an intuitive idea which you have in your head before writing code. Th...

The paper considers the fundamental notions of many- valued logic together with some of the main trends of the recent development of infinite valued systems, often called mathematical fuzzy logics. Besides this logical approach also a more algebraic approach is discussed. And the paper ends with some hints toward applications which are based upon actual theoretical considerations about infinite valued logics. Key words: mathematical fuzzy logic, algebraic semantics, continuous t-norms, left-continuous t-norms, Pavelka-style fuzzy logic, fuzzy set theory, non-monotonic fuzzy reasoning 1 Basic ideas 1.1 From classical to many-valued logic Logical systems in general are based on some formalized language which includes a notion of well formed formula, and then are determined either semantically or syntactically. That a logical system is semantically determined means that one has a notion of interpretation or model 1 in the sense that w.r.t. each such interpretation every well formed formula has some (truth) value or represents a function into

A general framework for translating logical formulae from one logic into another logic is presented. The framework is instantiated with two different approaches to translating modal logic formulae into predicate logic. The first one, the well known ‘relational’ translation makes the modal logic’s possible worlds structure explicit by introducing a distinguished predicate symbol to represent the accessibility relation. In the second approach, the ‘functional ’ translation method, paths in the possible worlds structure are represented by compositions of functions which map worlds to accessible worlds. On the syntactic level this means that every flexible symbol is parametrized with particular terms denoting whole paths from the initial world to the actual world. The ‘target logic’ for the translation is a first-order many-sorted logic with built in equality. Therefore the ‘source logic’ may also be first-order many-sorted with built in equality. Furthermore flexible function symbols are allowed. The modal operators may be parametrized with arbitrary terms and particular properties of the accessibility relation may be specified within the

We show how to write generic programs and proofs in MartinL of type theory. To this end we consider several extensions of MartinL of's logical framework for dependent types. Each extension has a universes of codes (signatures) for inductively defined sets with generic formation, introduction, elimination, and equality rules. These extensions are modeled on Dybjer and Setzer's finitely axiomatized theories of inductive-recursive definitions, which also have a universe of codes for sets, and generic formation, introduction, elimination, and equality rules.

This thesis proposes a general framework for equational logic programming, called categorybased equational logic by placing the general principles underlying the design of the programming language Eqlog and formulated by Goguen and Meseguer into an abstract form. This framework generalises equational deduction to an arbitrary category satisfying certain natural conditions; completeness is proved under a hypothesis of quantifier projectivity, using a semantic treatment that regards quantifiers as models rather than variables, and regards valuations as model morphisms rather than functions. This is used as a basis for a model theoretic category-based approach to a paramodulation-based operational semantics for equational logic programming languages. Category-based equational logic in conjunction with the theory of institutions is used to give mathematical foundations for modularisation in equational logic programming. We study the soundness and completeness problem for module imports i...

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The focus of this chapter is the incremental presentation of partial firstorder logic, seen as a powerful framework where the specification of most data types can be directly represented in the most natural way. Both model theory and logical deduction are described in full detail. Alternatives to partiality, like (variants of) error algebras and order-sortedness are also discussed, showing their uses and limitations. Moreover, both the total and the partial (positive) conditional fragment are investigated in detail, and in particular the existence of initial (free) models for such restricted logical paradigms is proved. Some more powerful algebraic frameworks are sketched at the end. Equational specifications introduced in last chapter, are a powerful tool to represent the most common data types used in programming languages and their semantics. Indeed, Bergstra and Tucker have shown in a series of papers (see [BT87] for a complete exposition of results) that a data type is semicompu...

The paper presents a modular superposition calculus for the combination of firstorder theories involving both total and partial functions. The modularity of the calculus is a consequence of the fact that all the inferences are pure – only involving clauses over the alphabet of either one, but not both, of the theories – when refuting goals represented by sets of pure formulae. The calculus is shown to be complete provided that functions that are not in the intersection of the component signatures are declared as partial. This result also means that if the unsatisfiability of a goal modulo the combined theory does not depend on the totality of the functions in the extensions, the inconsistency will be effectively found. Moreover, we consider a constraint superposition calculus for the case of hierarchical theories and show that it has a related modularity property. Finally we identify cases where the partial models can always be made total so that modular superposition is also complete with respect to the standard (total function) semantics of the theories. 1

We investigate queries in the presence of external functions with arbitrary inputs and outputs (atomic values, sets, nested sets etc). We propose a new notion of domain independence for queries with external functions which, in contrast to previous work, can also be applied to query languages with fixpoints or other kinds of iterators. Next, we define two new notions of computable queries with external functions, and prove that they are equivalent, under the assumption that the external functions are total. Thus, our definition of computable queries with external functions is robust. Finally, based on the equivalence result, we give examples of complete query languages with external functions. A byproduct of the equivalence result is the fact that Relational Machines are complete for complex objects: it was known that they are not complete over flat relations. 1 Introduction Database functionalities are important both for practical and for theoretical purposes. E.g. the system O 2 of ...