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325
The Determinants of Earnings: A Behavioral Approach
- JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC LITERATURE
, 2001
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The Evidence on Credit Constraints in Post-Secondary Schooling
- Economic Journal
"... This paper examines the family income–college enrolment relationship and the evidence on credit constraints in post-secondary schooling. We distinguish short run liquidity constraints from the long term factors that promote cognitive and noncognitive ability. Long run factors crystallised in ability ..."
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Cited by 188 (25 self)
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This paper examines the family income–college enrolment relationship and the evidence on credit constraints in post-secondary schooling. We distinguish short run liquidity constraints from the long term factors that promote cognitive and noncognitive ability. Long run factors crystallised in ability are the major determinants of the family income- schooling relationship, although there is some evidence that up to 8 % of the total US population is credit constrained in a short run sense. Evidence that IV estimates of the returns to schooling exceed OLS estimates is sometimes claimed to support the existence of substantial credit constraints. This argument is critically examined. This paper interprets the evidence on the relationship between family income and college attendance. Fig. 1 displays aggregate time series college participation rates for 18–24 year old American males classified by their parental income. Parental income is measured in the child’s late adolescent years. There are substantial differences in college participation rates across family income classes in each year. This pattern is found in many other countries; see the essays in Blossfeld and Shavit (1993). In the late 1970s or early 1980s, college participation rates start to
Early childhood education programs.
- Journal of Economic Perspectives,
, 2001
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Identifying Human-Capital Externalities: Theory with Applications
- THE REVIEW OF ECONOMIC STUDIES
, 2006
"... The identification of aggregate human-capital externalities is still not fully understood. The existing (Mincerian) approach confounds positive externalities with wage changes due to a downward sloping demand curve for human capital. As a result, the Mincerian approach yields positive externalities ..."
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Cited by 137 (10 self)
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The identification of aggregate human-capital externalities is still not fully understood. The existing (Mincerian) approach confounds positive externalities with wage changes due to a downward sloping demand curve for human capital. As a result, the Mincerian approach yields positive externalities even when wages equal marginal social products. We propose an approach that identifies human-capital externalities, whether or not aggregate demand for human capital slopes downward. Another advantage of our approach is that it does not require estimates of the individual return to human capital. Applications to U.S. cities and states between 1970 and 1990 yield no evidence of significant average-schooling externalities.
Does the Mortality Decline Promote Economic Growth?
, 2002
"... This paper analyzes qualitatively and quantitatively the effects of declining mortality rates on fertility, education and economic growth. The analysis demonstrates that if individuals are prudent in the face of uncertainty about child survival, a decline in an exogenous mortality rate reduces preca ..."
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Cited by 106 (2 self)
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This paper analyzes qualitatively and quantitatively the effects of declining mortality rates on fertility, education and economic growth. The analysis demonstrates that if individuals are prudent in the face of uncertainty about child survival, a decline in an exogenous mortality rate reduces precautionary demand for children and increases parental investment in each child. Once mortality is endogenized, population growth becomes a hump-shaped function of income per capita. At low levels of income population growth rises as income per capita rises leading to a Malthusian steady-state equilibrium, whereas at high levels of income population growth declines leading to a sustained growth steady-state equilibrium.
Neighborhoods and Academic Achievement: Results from the Moving to Opportunity Experiment. Cambridge: National Bureau of Economic Research
, 2006
"... numerous colleagues for their suggestions. ..."
Kindergarten Entrance Age and Children’s Achievement: Impacts of State Policies, Family Background, and Peers
- Journal of Human Resources
"... anonymous referee for helpful comments. Dan Hanner provided excellent research assistance. We gratefully ..."
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Cited by 61 (1 self)
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anonymous referee for helpful comments. Dan Hanner provided excellent research assistance. We gratefully
Escaping Poverty and Becoming Poor: Who Gains, Who Loses
- and Why?” World Development
, 2004
"... Overall economic trends have very different effects on different households, this study of 35 north Indian villages shows. Members of 11 percent of 6,376 households in these villages have overcome poverty in the last 25 years, but members of another 8 percent have fallen into poverty at the same tim ..."
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Cited by 52 (4 self)
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Overall economic trends have very different effects on different households, this study of 35 north Indian villages shows. Members of 11 percent of 6,376 households in these villages have overcome poverty in the last 25 years, but members of another 8 percent have fallen into poverty at the same time. One set of factors is associated with households ’ escape from poverty, but another and different set of factors is associated with households ’ decline. Two distinct sets of policies are required thus – one set to promote escape from poverty and another set to arrest decline. Poverty has some distinctly local antecedents, it is seen. A methodology for tracking changes in poverty at the local level is developed that community groups and others can use to assess change and examine causes.
