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...d add other picture numbers as part of the gauge fixing procedure, analogously to the way different ghost numbers appear in the bosonic case. After the first version of this paper appeared, the paper =-=[253]-=- appeared, in which the first of these ideas was realised. 82 can define Y−2 either as a chiral or as a non-chiral (non-local) operator, Y chir−2 (z) = −e−2φ(z) − i 5 c∂ξe−3φψµ∂X µ(z) , (8.50) Y non−2...

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... and perturbation theory[2], problems with the Ramond sector[9, 10], and the existence of a singular kernel for the bracket[11]. Recently there has been some interest in finding a more suitable action=-=[10, 12, 13]-=-, though the success of these proposals remains unclear. 2 • The solutions are not real. In fact, every solution appears to be related to its conjugate by a topologically nontrivial gauge transformati...

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...qt V BQζ 1 t̄ + q2t2 +K + qt V ] . (6.5) 21Perhaps an even easier way to compute the energy is to compute the cubic action as in [18], and then rely on the argument of [64], based on the formalism of =-=[65]-=-, demonstrating the on-shell equivalence of the Berkovits and cubic actions. We do not know of an obvious problem following the formal steps of [64] with the solution (4.15). 23 Now expand the denomin...

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...ld also be able to describe the Ramond sector, again, in a universal way. An open RNS string field theory, which we call the “democratic theory”, that passes all the above criteria was constructed in =-=[5]-=-. Of course, the above is only a preliminary list of the expected properties of such a theory. First, the theory should support classical solutions describing known physics. Such solutions exist in th...

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...the nature of the minimal area problem changes and requires separate degrees of freedom for closed strings at the quantum level [9]. Condition (1) rules out the modified cubic theory and its variants =-=[10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15]-=-, and (2) rules out the Berkovits theory. This leaves the original proposal for open superstring field theory at picture −1, described by Witten [16]. The problem is that this theory is singular and i...

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...erlying symmetries of string theory, i.e., it should be covariant and, moreover, universal [5]. There are several variants of superstring field theories of this kind, e.g., the heterotic [6] and open =-=[7, 8, 9, 10]-=- theories. However, it was never checked if any of those is really well defined at the quantum level. It is our intention to address this question using lattice techniques. Some of the formulations of...

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...ors are derived. Up to the present, various types of gauges and the corresponding gauge fixed actions have been provided for bosonic string [13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23] or superstring =-=[24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31]-=- field theories. Among such a variety of gauges, we could choose appropriate ones in 1 accordance with the purpose of investigation. In this paper, we would like to give a systematic procedure for ext...