Thurston and many others developed the theory of geometrically finite ends of hyperbolic 3–manifolds. It remained to understand those ends which are not geometrically finite; such ends are called geometrically infinite.

Marden conjectured that a hyperbolic 3-manifold M with finitely generated fundamental group is tame, i.e. it is homeomorphic to the interior of a compact manifold with boundary [42]. Since then, many consequences of this conjecture have been developed by Kleinian group theorists and 3-manifold topologists. We prove this

A metric space X has Markov type 2, if for any reversible finite-state Markov chain {Zt} (with Z0 chosen according to the stationary distribution) and any map f from the state space to X, the distance Dt from f(Z0) to f(Zt) satisfies E(D 2 t) ≤ K 2 t E(D 2 1) for some K = K(X) < ∞. This notion is due to K. Ball (1992), who showed its importance for the Lipschitz extension problem. However until now, only Hilbert space (and its bi-Lipschitz equivalents) were known to have Markov type 2. We show that every Banach space with modulus of smoothness of power type 2 (in particular, Lp for p> 2) has Markov type 2; this proves a conjecture of Ball. We also show that trees, hyperbolic groups and simply connected Riemannian manifolds of pinched negative curvature have Markov type 2. Our results are applied to settle several conjectures on Lipschitz extensions and embeddings. In particular, we answer a question posed by Johnson and Lindenstrauss in 1982, by showing that for 1 < q < 2 < p < ∞, any Lipschitz mapping from a subset of Lp to Lq has a Lipschitz extension defined on all of Lp. 1

Abstract. This paper gives a quantitative version of Thurston’s hyperbolic Dehn surgery theorem. Applications include the first universal bounds on the number of non-hyperbolic Dehn fillings on a cusped hyperbolic 3-manifold, and estimates on the changes in volume and core geodesic length during hyperbolic Dehn filling. The proofs involve the construction of a family of hyperbolic conemanifold structures, using infinitesimal harmonic deformations and analysis of geometric limits. 1.

An algebraic decay rate is derived which bounds the time required for velocities to equilibrate in a spatially homogeneous flow-through model representing the continuum limit of a gas of particles interacting through slightly inelastic collisions. This rate is obtained by reformulating the dynamical problem as the gradient flow of a convex energy on an infinite-dimensional manifold. An abstract theory is developed for gradient flows in length spaces, which shows how degenerate convexity (or even non-convexity) — if uniformly controlled — will quantify contractivity (limit expansivity) of the flow. 1

We survey known results about phase transitions in various models of statistical physics when the underlying space is a nonamenable graph. Most attention is devoted to transitive graphs and trees.

Various new nonembeddability results (mainly into L1) are proved via Fourier analysis. In particular, it is shown that the Edit Distance on {0, 1}d has L1 distortion (log d) 12-o(1). We also give new lower bounds on the L1 distortion of flat tori, quotients of the discrete hypercube under group actions, and the transportation cost (Earthmover) metric.

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Abstract. By a quantum metric space we mean a C ∗-algebra (or more generally an order-unit space) equipped with a generalization of the usual Lipschitz seminorm on functions which one associates to an ordinary metric. We develop for compact quantum metric spaces a version of Gromov–Hausdorff distance. We show that the basic theorems of the classical theory have natural quantum analogues. Our main example involves the quantum tori, Aθ. We show, for consistently defined “metrics”, that if a sequence {θn} of parameters converges to a parameter θ, then the sequence {Aθn} of quantum tori converges in quantum Gromov–Hausdorff distance to Aθ. 1.

Abstract. The real trees form a class of metric spaces that extends the class of trees with edge lengths by allowing behavior such as infinite total edge length and vertices with infinite branching degree. Aldous’s Brownian continuum random tree, the random tree-like object naturally associated with a standard Brownian excursion, may be thought of as a random compact real tree. The continuum random tree is a scaling limit as N → ∞ of both a critical Galton-Watson tree conditioned to have total population size N as well as a uniform random rooted combinatorial tree with N vertices. The Aldous–Broder algorithm is a Markov chain on the space of rooted combinatorial trees with N vertices that has the uniform tree as its stationary distribution. We construct and study a Markov process on the space of all rooted compact real trees that has the continuum random tree as its stationary distribution and arises as the scaling limit as N → ∞ of the Aldous–Broder chain. A key technical ingredient in this work is the use of a pointed Gromov–