The theme of this paper is profunctors, and their centrality and ubiquity in understanding concurrent computation. Profunctors (a.k.a. distributors, or bimodules) are a generalisation of relations to categories. Here they are first presented and motivated via spans of event structures, and the semantics of nondeterministic dataflow. Profunctors are shown to play a key role in relating models for concurrency and to support an interpretation as higher-order processes (where input and output may be processes). Two recent directions of research are described. One is concerned with a language and computational interpretation for profunctors. This addresses the duality between input and output in profunctors. The other is to investigate general spans of event structures (the spans can be viewed as special profunctors) to give causal semantics to higher-order processes. For this it is useful to generalise event structures to allow events which “persist.”

. We present a categorical logic formulation of induction and coinduction principles for reasoning about inductively and coinductively defined types. Our main results provide sufficient criteria for the validity of such principles: in the presence of comprehension, the induction principle for initial algebras is admissible, and dually, in the presence of quotient types, the coinduction principle for terminal coalgebras is admissible. After giving an alternative formulation of induction in terms of binary relations, we combine both principles and obtain a mixed induction/coinduction principle which allows us to reason about minimal solutions X = oe(X) where X may occur both positively and negatively in the type constructor oe. We further strengthen these logical principles to deal with contexts and prove that such strengthening is valid when the (abstract) logic we consider is contextually/functionally complete. All the main results follow from a basic result about adjunc...

In this dissertation we investigate presheaf models for concurrent computation. Our aim is to provide a systematic treatment of bisimulation for a wide range of concurrent process calculi. Bisimilarity is defined abstractly in terms of open maps as in the work of Joyal, Nielsen and Winskel. Their work inspired this thesis by suggesting that presheaf categories could provide abstract models for concurrency with a built-in notion of bisimulation. We show how

ion is written as [x: oe]M instead of x: oe:M and application is written M(N) instead of App [x:oe] (M; N ). 1 Iterated abstractions and applications are written [x 1 : oe 1 ; : : : ; x n : oe n ]M and M(N 1 ; : : : ; N n ), respectively. The lacking type information can be inferred. The universe is written Set instead of U . The El-operator is omitted. For example the \Pi-type is described by the following constant and equality declarations (understood in every valid context): ` \Pi : (oe: Set; : (oe)Set)Set ` App : (oe: Set; : (oe)Set; m: \Pi(oe; ); n: oe) (m) ` : (oe: Set; : (oe)Set; m: (x: oe) (x))\Pi(oe; ) oe: Set; : (oe)Set; m: (x: oe) (x); n: oe ` App(oe; ; (oe; ; m); n) = m(n) Notice, how terms with free variables are represented as framework abstractions (in the type of ) and how substitution is represented as framework application (in the type of App and in the equation). In this way the burden of dealing correctly with variables, substitution, and binding is s...

. We show how to construct a model of dependent type theory (category with attributes) from a locally cartesian closed category (lccc). This allows to define a semantic function interpreting the syntax of type theory in an lccc. We sketch an application which gives rise to an interpretation of extensional type theory in intensional type theory. 1 Introduction and Motivation Interpreting dependent type theory in locally cartesian closed categories (lcccs) and more generally in (non split) fibrational models like the ones described in [7] is an intricate problem. The reason is that in order to interpret terms associated with substitution like pairing for \Sigma -types or application for \Pi-types one needs a semantical equivalent to syntactic substitution. To clarify the issue let us have a look at the "naive" approach described in Seely's seminal paper [14] which contains a subtle inaccuracy. Assume some dependently typed calculus like the one defined in [10] and an lccc C (a category ...

This thesis contains an investigation of Coquand's Calculus of Constructions, a basic impredicative Type Theory. We review syntactic properties of the calculus, in particular decidability of equality and type-checking, based on the equality-as-judgement presentation. We present a set-theoretic notion of model, CC-structures, and use this to give a new strong normalization proof based on a modification of the realizability interpretation. An extension of the core calculus by inductive types is investigated and we show, using the example of infinite trees, how the realizability semantics and the strong normalization argument can be extended to non-algebraic inductive types. We emphasize that our interpretation is sound for large eliminations, e.g. allows the definition of sets by recursion. Finally we apply the extended calculus to a non-trivial problem: the formalization of the strong normalization argument for Girard's System F. This formal proof has been developed and checked using the...

It is well known that one can build models of full higher-order dependent type theory (also called the calculus of constructions) using partial equivalence relations (PERs) and assemblies over a partial combinatory algebra (PCA). But the idea of categories of PERs and ERs (total equivalence relations) can be applied to other structures as well. In particular, we can easily dene the category of ERs and equivalencepreserving continuous mappings over the standard category Top 0 of topological T 0 -spaces; we call these spaces (a topological space together with an ER) equilogical spaces and the resulting category Equ. We show that this category|in contradistinction to Top 0 |is a cartesian closed category. The direct proof outlined here uses the equivalence of the category Equ to the category PEqu of PERs over algebraic lattices (a full subcategory of Top 0 that is well known to be cartesian closed from domain theory). In another paper with Carboni and Rosolini (cited herein) a more abstract categorical generalization shows why many such categories are cartesian closed. The category Equ obviously contains Top 0 as a full subcategory, and it naturally contains many other well known subcategories. In particular, we show why, as a consequence of work of Ershov, Berger, and others, the Kleene-Kreisel hierarchy of countable functionals of nite types can be naturally constructed in Equ from the natural numbers object N by repeated use in Equ of exponentiation and binary products. We also develop for Equ notions of modest sets (a category equivalent to Equ) and assemblies to explain why a model of dependent type theory is obtained. We make some comparisons of this model to other, known models. 1

We investigate the development of theories of types and computability via realizability.

ion. Let \Gamma; x : oe ` M : ø . [[x : oe:M ]] = : (oe * ø ) * 0: (x : oe:M ) = by C-App : (x:C ø (k : ø * 0:k M )) = : (x:C ø ([[M ]])) = j oe*ø (x:C([[M ]])) which is the required expression since x:C oe ([[M ]]) is the abstraction of [[M ]] wrt. x in V. Application. Let \Gamma ` M : oe * ø and \Gamma ` N : oe. [[M N ]] = by definition of [[:]] : ø * 0: (M N ) = by App : ((m:m N ) M ) = by Conv :(m: (m N )) M = by Beta-V :(k:k M ) (m: (m N )) = by Ass :(k:k M ) (m:(n:( (m n))) N ) = by Beta-V :(k:k M ) (m:(l:l N ) (n:( (m n)))) = by definition of app. app([[M ]]; [[N ]]) Complete axiomatisations of control operators 17 A operator. Let \Gamma ` M : 0. [[A oe (M )]] = by definition : oe * 0: (A oe (M )) = by A-Abs :A 0 (M ) = by A 0 -Id :M = by Ident :(x : 0:x) M = by Beta-V :(k:k M )(x : 0:x) = A oe ([[M ]]) C operator. If \Gamma ` M : (oe * 0) * 0 then [[C oe (M )]] = : oe * 0: C(M ) = by C-Nat :C 0 (k : 0 * 0:M (x : oe:k ( x))) = by 0-Endo and Ident :C 0...

In this paper we introduce a notion of context for Groenendijk & Stokhof's Dynamic Predicate Logic DPL. We use these contexts to give a characterization of the relations on assignments that can be generated by composition from tests/conditions and random resettings in the case that we are working over an infinite domain. These relations are precisely the ones definable in DPL if we allow ourselves arbitrary tests as a starting point. We discuss some possible extensions of DPL and the way these extensions interact with our notion of context. 1 Introduction Dynamic Predicate Logic (DPL) was invented by Jeroen Groenendijk and Martin Stokhof (see [1], see also our section 2) as a specification language (or better: as a module for a specification language) of meanings for fragments of natural language. Most of the research concerning DPL has gone into integrating it with versions of Montague Grammar (see [5]) and into integrating it with Frank Veltmans Update Semantics (see [6]). DPL is...